Approach to the Weight Estimation in the Conceptual Design of Hybrid-Electric-Powered Unconventional Regional Aircraft

<table class="fixed-width table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><colgroup><col style="width:11.09em"/><col style="width:4.65em"/><col style="width:4.69em"/><col style="width:3.86em"/></colgroup><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left"><b>Parameter </b></td><td class="align_center"><b> Symbol </b></td><td class="align_center"><b> Unit </b></td><td class="align_center"><b> Value </b></td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Battery specific energy</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 14.9592ptpx;"><svg height="11.6791pt" id="M139" style="vertical-align:-3.29112pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.38798 14.9592 11.6791" width="14.9592pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M729 650H468V622C546 615 554 610 554 527V365H213V527C213 610 221 616 297 622V650H38V622C120 616 128 611 128 527V123C128 39 120 34 40 28V0H303V28C221 34 213 40 213 123V322H554V123C554 39 546 34 460 28V0H728V28C647 34 639 39 639 123V527C639 610 647 615 729 622V650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.958,3.132)"><path d="M460 334C460 396 434 451 378 451C330 451 241 408 148 300H146L237 679C241 697 241 710 232 710C213 710 153 684 67 675L66 646H95C141 646 145 642 134 595L39 170C23 97 31 54 46 33C64 8 100 -12 137 -12C178 -12 234 3 298 43C391 101 460 222 460 334ZM371 320C371 204 316 89 248 51C230 41 208 37 192 37C143 37 102 72 119 166C124 194 129 215 135 235C202 323 298 392 335 392C353 392 371 372 371 320Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 44.4523ptpx;"><svg height="12.6721pt" id="M140" style="vertical-align:-3.38377pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 44.4523 12.6721" width="44.4523pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M513 0V26C475 28 448 43 413 81C379 116 277 234 258 264C301 314 319 334 344 359C383 396 404 407 473 418V443L269 434V408C317 403 320 395 299 364C280 337 250 298 228 276C213 260 195 247 165 241V712C126 699 69 682 21 677V653C82 648 87 642 87 576V104C87 40 81 32 14 26V0H237V26C173 32 165 38 165 104V215C171 217 176 218 181 218C189 218 198 212 212 196C267 129 330 49 376 -2L513 0Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.67,0)"><path d="M956 650H736V622C814 613 818 602 804 542C789 471 733 275 691 141H689C628 314 570 476 514 641H485C434 478 377 312 323 142H321C277 284 238 419 199 554C184 605 186 613 259 622V650H16V622C77 615 92 606 117 524C172 346 228 170 281 -11H312C363 151 419 312 475 488H477C528 343 597 150 652 -11H683C765 269 826 458 848 522C878 605 887 613 956 622V650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.136,0)"><path d="M513 0V26C455 31 447 37 447 103V278C447 398 390 449 309 449C255 449 202 412 166 376V712C127 700 67 684 19 677V653C85 647 87 643 87 580V103C87 37 79 31 19 26L18 0H231V26C171 32 166 39 166 103V341C194 373 232 392 270 392C337 392 368 351 368 269V103C368 38 360 32 302 26V0H513Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.078,0)"><path d="M368 703H309L44 -163H104L368 703Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.439,0)"><path d="M513 0V26C475 28 448 43 413 81C379 116 277 234 258 264C301 314 319 334 344 359C383 396 404 407 473 418V443L269 434V408C317 403 320 395 299 364C280 337 250 298 228 276C213 260 195 247 165 241V712C126 699 69 682 21 677V653C82 648 87 642 87 576V104C87 40 81 32 14 26V0H237V26C173 32 165 38 165 104V215C171 217 176 218 181 218C189 218 198 212 212 196C267 129 330 49 376 -2L513 0Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.109,0)"><path d="M463 437C426 431 375 425 327 422C297 440 264 449 231 449H230C153 449 51 396 51 283C51 215 94 168 139 149C123 129 91 103 51 88C50 78 53 60 62 46C75 25 100 2 136 -9C112 -28 73 -59 53 -79C38 -94 29 -113 29 -135C30 -192 91 -257 203 -257C336 -257 452 -160 452 -59C452 39 371 59 309 59C275 59 240 58 203 58C158 58 140 77 140 96C140 110 157 129 170 138C186 135 205 133 221 133C306 133 396 185 396 293C396 328 384 360 366 381L423 378C439 387 459 413 468 429L463 437ZM219 418C277 418 314 362 314 284C314 205 275 166 231 165C176 165 137 221 137 299C137 376 177 418 219 418ZM241 -11C285 -11 314 -14 339 -24C367 -36 384 -61 384 -95C384 -157 335 -206 240 -206C166 -206 108 -165 108 -110C108 -82 128 -54 154 -32C172 -17 195 -11 241 -11Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"> 1</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">State of charge</td><td class="align_center"> SoC</td><td class="align_center"> -</td><td class="align_center"> 0.20</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Electric chain efficiency</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 15.2854ptpx;"><svg height="16.2017pt" id="M141" style="vertical-align:-3.943501pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.2582 15.2854 16.2017" width="15.2854pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M471 401C471 442 455 448 440 448C421 448 389 439 366 424C314 390 233 331 165 242H163L187 345C193 372 197 393 197 409C197 435 189 448 174 448C146 448 80 408 23 349L40 327C64 351 97 373 107 373C115 373 118 366 111 337L29 -4L36 -12C56 -4 83 3 110 9C123 69 136 126 150 172C227 283 336 381 377 381C392 381 396 370 379 298L326 74C290 -77 273 -172 273 -197C273 -219 316 -261 346 -261L353 -246C348 -227 352 -174 374 -66L457 310C467 352 471 381 471 401Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.423,-5.741)"><path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,10.264,-5.741)"><path d="M238 675C244 702 241 710 231 710C220 710 155 682 74 673L70 643H101C147 643 151 635 142 594L39 111C18 11 36 -12 55 -12C89 -12 170 38 223 103L207 129C176 98 130 68 118 68C113 68 108 72 114 102L238 675Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.097,3.784)"><path d="M387 400C387 425 348 451 303 451C247 451 176 414 132 376C69 322 24 228 24 148C24 43 74 -12 147 -12C211 -12 301 33 363 103L346 128C319 99 249 51 193 51C148 51 112 84 112 165C112 230 130 287 154 330C170 359 199 400 243 400C277 400 304 383 326 354C333 345 343 343 354 348C378 360 387 382 387 400Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.84,3.784)"><path d="M509 90L493 118C465 91 427 70 418 70S409 77 415 103L469 327C494 429 466 451 436 451C412 451 387 444 356 427C307 400 222 342 160 264H158L246 667C253 701 252 710 243 710C228 710 169 680 87 673L83 644H117C155 644 160 640 149 588L24 -4L32 -12C57 -4 86 4 108 9L143 187C198 275 324 386 375 386C394 386 399 367 385 311L331 87C315 22 322 -12 351 -12C387 -12 452 24 509 90Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"> -</td><td class="align_center"> 0.85</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Electric motor efficiency</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 17.9251ptpx;"><svg height="9.39034pt" id="M142" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 17.9251 9.39034" width="17.9251pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M471 401C471 442 455 448 440 448C421 448 389 439 366 424C314 390 233 331 165 242H163L187 345C193 372 197 393 197 409C197 435 189 448 174 448C146 448 80 408 23 349L40 327C64 351 97 373 107 373C115 373 118 366 111 337L29 -4L36 -12C56 -4 83 3 110 9C123 69 136 126 150 172C227 283 336 381 377 381C392 381 396 370 379 298L326 74C290 -77 273 -172 273 -197C273 -219 316 -261 346 -261L353 -246C348 -227 352 -174 374 -66L457 310C467 352 471 381 471 401Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.097,3.132)"><path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.937,3.132)"><path d="M781 91L765 118C733 86 702 70 693 70C686 70 685 77 692 106L738 297C772 439 736 451 712 451S675 445 647 431C605 410 526 356 452 257H450L459 294C491 426 459 451 429 451C403 451 386 445 361 431C312 404 239 343 170 253H168L188 333C208 411 205 451 175 451C148 451 85 417 24 346L39 318C57 338 100 374 112 374C120 374 122 372 115 339C91 226 62 112 28 -6L37 -12C59 -4 87 3 114 6C125 68 142 127 154 168C184 227 316 383 372 383C397 383 396 366 381 289C362 192 338 92 312 -6L317 -12C339 -5 367 3 396 6L434 170C468 234 598 383 650 383C668 383 676 369 664 319L609 90C593 23 600 -12 629 -12C654 -12 722 23 781 91Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"> -</td><td class="align_center"> 0.98</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Generator efficiency</td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 11.9971ptpx;"><svg height="11.4899pt" id="M143" style="vertical-align:-5.52899pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 11.9971 11.4899" width="11.9971pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M471 401C471 442 455 448 440 448C421 448 389 439 366 424C314 390 233 331 165 242H163L187 345C193 372 197 393 197 409C197 435 189 448 174 448C146 448 80 408 23 349L40 327C64 351 97 373 107 373C115 373 118 366 111 337L29 -4L36 -12C56 -4 83 3 110 9C123 69 136 126 150 172C227 283 336 381 377 381C392 381 396 370 379 298L326 74C290 -77 273 -172 273 -197C273 -219 316 -261 346 -261L353 -246C348 -227 352 -174 374 -66L457 310C467 352 471 381 471 401Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.097,3.132)"><path d="M554 433L549 437C539 437 513 441 503 443C481 447 456 451 436 451C354 451 268 415 216 368C150 308 99 205 99 106C99 24 136 -12 165 -12C196 -12 243 14 268 33C318 70 374 118 415 181H419L395 39C374 -84 332 -149 295 -175C269 -193 245 -197 212 -197C137 -197 93 -156 76 -102C71 -87 61 -87 51 -96C36 -110 24 -130 24 -147C24 -183 76 -257 171 -257C226 -257 285 -227 323 -200C387 -155 455 -76 480 94C499 225 538 391 554 433ZM460 386C457 361 438 287 426 254C408 218 373 176 332 133C294 93 246 61 217 61C198 61 186 80 186 122C186 167 206 250 231 294C262 349 288 375 317 387C334 394 358 400 381 400C413 400 439 393 460 386Z"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"> -</td><td class="align_center"> 0.95</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="4"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Hybrid electric chain relevant parameters.</div>

Journal of Advanced Transportation

tab2

Table 2

Table 2: Approach to the Weight Estimation in the Conceptual Design of Hybrid-Electric-Powered Unconventional Regional Aircraft 