Analysis of Loss of Control Parameters for Aircraft Maneuvering in General Aviation

Table 7

Risk reduction/mitigation assessment factors.

Company culture
Corporate/company management
Places safety before schedule	20
CEO signs off on flight operations manual	20
Maintains a centralized safety function	20
Fosters reporting of all CFIT incidents without threat of discipline	20
Fosters communication of hazards to others	15
Requires standards for IFR currency and CRM training	15
Places no negative connotation on a diversion or missed approach	20
Flight standards
Specific procedures are written for
Reviewing approach or departure procedures charts	10
Reviewing significant terrain along intended approach or departure course	20
Maximizing the use of ATC radar monitoring	10
Ensuring pilot(s) understand that ATC is using radar or radar coverage exists	10
Altitude changes	10
Ensuring checklist is complete before initiation of approach	10
Abbreviated checklist for missed approach	10
Briefing and observing MSA circles on approach charts as part of plate review	10
Checking crossing altitudes at IAF positions	10
Checking crossing altitudes at FAF and glideslope centering	10
Independent verification by PNF of minimum altitude during stepdown DME (VOR/DME or LOC/DME) approach	20
Requiring approach/departure procedure charts with terrain in color, shaded contour formats	20
Radio-altitude setting and light-aural (below MDA) for backup on approach	10
Independent charts for both pilots, with adequate lighting and holders	10
Use of 500-foot altitude call and other enhanced procedures for NPA	10
Ensuring a sterile (free from distraction) cockpit, especially during IMC/night approach or departure	10
Crew rest, duty times, and other considerations especially for multiple-time-zone operations	20
Periodic third-party or independent audit of procedures	10
Route and familiarization checks for new pilots
Domestic	10
International	20
Airport familiarization aids, such as audiovisual aids	10
First officer to fly night or IMC approaches and the captain to monitor the approach	20
Jump-seat pilot (or engineer or mechanic) to help monitor terrain clearance and the approach in IMC or night conditions	20
Insisting that you fly the way that you train	25
Hazard awareness and training
Your company reviews training with the training department or training contractor	10
Your company’s pilots are reviewed annually about the following; Flight standards operating procedures	20
Reasons for and examples of how the procedures can detect a CFIT “trap”	30
Recent and past CFIT incidents/accidents	50
Audiovisual aids to illustrate CFIT traps	50
Minimum altitude definitions for MORA, MOCA, MSA, MEA, and so forth	15
You have a trained flight safety officer who rides the jump seat occasionally	25
You have flight safety periodicals that describe and analyze CFIT incidents	10
You have an incident/exceedance review and reporting program	20
Your organization investigates every instance in which minimum terrain clearance has been compromised	20
You annually practice recoveries with GPWS in the simulator	40
You train the way that you fly	25
Aircraft equipment
Aircraft includes
Radio altimeter with cockpit display of full 2,500-foot range—captain only	20
Radio altimeter with cockpit display of full 2,500-foot range—copilot	10
First-generation GPWS	20
Second-generation GPWS or better	30
GPWS with all approved modifications, data tables, and service bulletins to reduce false warnings	10
Navigation display and FMS	10
Limited number of automated altitude callouts	10
Radio-altitude automated callouts for nonprecision approach (not heard on ILS approach) and procedure	10
Preselected radio altitudes to provide automated callouts that would not be heard during normal nonprecision approach	10
Barometric altitudes and radio altitudes and radio altitudes to give automated “decision” or “minimums” callout	10
An automated excessive “bank angle” callout	10
Autoflight/vertical speed model	10
Autoflight/vertical speed mode with no GPWS	20
GPS or other long-range navigation equipment to supplement NDB-only approach	15
Terrain-navigation display	20
Ground-mapping radar	10