A Two-Layer Network Dynamic Congestion Pricing Based on Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram

Figure 5

MFD of the two-layer network: (a) expressway network: space mean flow versus mean density, (b) expressway network: space mean speed versus mean density, (c) expressway network: network outflow versus mean density, (d) arterial streets: space mean flow versus mean density, (e) arterial streets: space mean speed versus mean density, and (f) arterial streets: network outflow versus mean density.

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