Panic, Irrationality, and Herding: Three Ambiguous Terms in Crowd Dynamics Research

Table 3

Reduced comments on the term herding and their frequency among the original quotes.

No.	Comment	Frq.	Discipline			Study type
			Soc.	Phys.	Bio.	Mod.	Emp. Test.	Conc.
1	Herding is a feature of panic behaviour	10	1	7	2	7	3	1
2	Herding is common evacuation behaviour	10	1	7	2	7	3	0
3	Herding is not common evacuation behaviour	3	1	1	1	0	3	0
4	Herding is common modeling assumption	6	0	6	0	5	1	0
5	Pure herding is not an accurate modeling assumption	1	0	1	0	0	1	0
6	Producing herding effects is a common criterion for verifying simulation models	1	0	1	0	1	0	0
7	Herding can be beneficial to evacuation efficiency	1	0	1	0	1	0	0
8	The effect of herding on evacuation efficiency is unclear	3	0	3	0	1	2	0
9	Herding is detrimental to evacuation efficiency	5	0	4	1	4	1	0
10	Mixture of herding and individualistic behavior is beneficial to evacuations	1	0	0	1	0	1	0
11	Stress increases herding tendency	3	0	3	0	1	2	0
12	Stress does not increase imitation tendency	1	0	1	1	0	1	0
13	Herding tendency is moderated by stress level	1	0	1	0	0	1	0
14	Herding tendency is moderated by the crowdedness level	3	0	3	0	0	3	0
15	Herding tendency is moderated by the level of uncertainty	8	0	7	1	4	4	0
16	Herding results from following neighbours	1	0	1	0	0	1	0
17	Herding is not the same as imitation	2	1	1	0	0	2	0
18	Herding means imitating/following others/majority	15	0	12	3	9	6	0
19	Herding is observable in movement initiation	1	0	1	0	0	1	0
20	Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding	11	0	7	4	5	6	0
21	Herding theory in evacuation has been influenced by animal models of behaviour	7	0	1	6	1	6	0
22	Herding tendency should be considered in conjunction with individual differences	2	0	2	0	0	2	0
23	Herding theory is in need of empirical testing	1	0	0	1	0	1	0

“Frq.” indicates frequency.
“Soc.”, “Phys.”, and “Bio.”, respectively, indicate social sciences, physical sciences, and biological sciences.
“Mod.”, “Emp. Test.”, and “Conc.”, respectively, indicate modelling, empirical testing, and conceptualisation.