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| Quotes | Qu. Ref. No. | Implications of the quote | The source study | Comments/Interpretations |
| Discipline | Study type |
| Links to P. | Links to Ir. | Def./ Cha.
H. | Supp. H. | Cont. H. | Soc. Sci. | Phys. Sci. | Bio. Sci. | Mod. | Emp. Test. | Conc. |
|
(i) The behaviour here is typical for panic situations, e.g. the herding tendency dominates.
(ii) Such a behaviour is relevant for panic situations where this herding tendency becomes important and has been observed empirically (o.c.) | (1)
[18] | • | | | • | | | • | | • | | | (i) Herding is a feature of panic behaviour
(ii) Herding is common evacuation behaviour |
|
| We found a non-monotonic dependence of the evacuation times on the coupling constants. These times depend on the strength of the herding behaviour, with minimal evacuation times for some intermediate values of the couplings, i.e., a proper combination of herding and use of knowledge about the shortest way to the exit. | (2)
[18] | | | | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding can be beneficial to evacuation efficiency |
|
(i) A large value of kD implies a strong herding behaviour which has been observed the case of panics.
(ii) The behaviour here is typical for panic situations, e.g. the herding tendency dominates. | (3)
[18] | • | | • | | | | • | | • | | | (i) Herding is a feature of panic behaviour
(ii) Herding is common evacuation behaviour |
|
| Models of pedestrian crowds have generated a number of surprising or counterintuitive predictions. For example, panic should induce “symmetry breaking” in which some available exits or escape routes from enclosed spaces are jammed while others go under-utilized. | (4)
[100] | • | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | (i) Herding is a feature of panic behaviour
(ii) Herding is a common modelling assumption |
|
| We hypothesize that, under time and monetary pressure, subjects would increase their tendency to follow their neighbours as suggested in an early model of crowd panics [o.c.], which would give rise to the observed herding pattern under high stress. | (5)
[40] | • | | • | • | | | • | | | • | | (i) Stress increases herding tendency
(ii) Herding results from following neighbours |
|
| When the panic happens, the agents want to evacuate as quickly as possible and may try to choose the closest exit. At the same time, they may have the herd mentality. | (6)
[101] | • | | | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding is a feature of panic behaviour |
|
| Herding is stronger under high stress than under low stress…[but], pedestrians had a higher probability of following their neighbours when stress was high, simply because the neighbouring individuals were more numerous due to the increased density level. Herding, therefore, resulted from the crowdedness and not from a change in the individual tendency to imitate neighbours. | (7)
[40] | | | • | | | | • | | | • | | (i) Stress increases herding tendency
(ii) Herding tendency is moderated by the crowdedness level
(iii) Herding is not the same as imitation |
|
| It remains unclear to what extent pushing, overcrowding and peer imitation [herding] can affect the efficiency of egress. The main obstacle to answering these questions is the scarcity of detailed empirical data. | (8)
[40] | | | | | | | • | | | • | | The effect of herding on evacuation efficiency is unclear |
|
| Although people often display obvious herding behavior, their judgment may not be to follow the crowd. | (9)
[47] | | | | • | • | • | | | | • | | Herding is not the same as imitation |
|
| Many studies (o.c.) have reported that herding behavior often occurs in relatively large number of people in panic situations. | (10)
[47] | • | | | • | | • | | | | • | | (i) Herding is a feature of panic behaviour
(ii) Herding is common evacuation behaviour |
|
(i) Because herding behavior is not the dominant preference of people, peacetime training of how to escape an acute crisis would be critically important.
(ii) We present novel evidence showing that people prefer searching for an exit and avoiding smoke rather than following the crowd [herding] regardless whether with intuition or deliberation when the crisis situation was activated.
(iii) Reliable and consistent evidence shows that when facing a crisis (e.g., fire), searching for an exit and avoiding smoke are preferred by people rather than following the crowd [herding] | (11)
[47] | | | | | • | • | | | | • | | Herding is not common evacuation behaviour |
|
| Herding coefficient…α indicates an evacuee’s tendency to emulate others’ strategies, and (1-α) reflects the degree to which evacuees prefer to choose their own strategy based on personal experiences. | (12)
[36] | | | • | | | | • | | • | | | Herding means imitating/following others/majority |
|
| Most individuals (90% of total individuals in subway station) select the evacuation exit that is closest to them, while others totally panic (5% of total individuals in subway station) and follow the flow of the crowd around them [herding] (5% of total individuals in subway station). | (13)
[16] | • | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding is a feature of panic behaviour |
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| While we can thus rule out the herding effect in our experiment, we should point out that in different scenarios tendencies to follow others could be more prominent. For example, consider the case of an environment in which the exit routes are less clear than in our experiment or even entirely unknown. | (14)
[52] | | | • | | • | | | • | | • | | (i) Herding means imitating/following others/majority
(ii) Herding is not common evacuation behaviour
(iii) Herding tendency is moderated by the level of uncertainty |
|
| The direction that more pedestrians moving to is more attractive. Such behavior is the herding behavior. | (15)
[137] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding means imitating/following others/majority |
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| The excessive herding behavior can reduce the evacuation efficiency. | (16)
[137] | | | | | | | • | | • | | | Herding is detrimental to evacuation efficiency |
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| Our study just investigates the fundamental collective effects which fluctuations, increased desired velocities, and herding behaviour can have, independently of whether all criteria of panics are fulfilled or not. | (17)
[103] | • | | • | • | | | • | | • | | • | |
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| …possible mechanisms underlying the effects of escape panic (regarding an increase of the desired velocity, strong friction effects during physical interactions, and herding). | (18)
[19] | • | | | • | | | • | | • | | • | Herding is a feature of panic behaviour |
|
| In case of an evacuation, people may also be influenced by the behavior of other people, and copy this…Ariely considers this to be herding behavior | (19)
[58] | | | • | • | | | • | | | • | | Herding means imitating/following others/majority |
|
| The models showed that people were inclined to stay at the concert area but when they saw others leaving, they were inclined to leave as well. The results seem to imply that herding is impulsive | (20)
[58] | | | • | • | | | • | | | • | | Herding is observable in movement initiation |
|
| The effect of herding behaviour might be different when people are in a known environment…Collecting data in known environments could provide insights on this. | (21)
[58] | | | | | | | • | | | • | | Herding tendency is moderated by the level of uncertainty |
|
| Knowing how much stress people experience, could show differences in the effect of herding on evacuation choices | (22)
[58] | | | | | | | • | | | • | | Herding tendency is moderated by stress level |
|
| Herding effect (i.e., herding behavior), considered as a common phenomenon in various fields such as emergency evacuation of large crowds, has caught much interest of scholars. | (23)
[8] | | | | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding is common evacuation behaviour |
|
| For large population to escape from danger in a closed building with two symmetrically located exists or paths, herding effect means that the great majority of people adopt the same one in escaping, leaving the other one vacant. | (24)
[8] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding means imitating/following others/majority |
|
(i) Herding effect usually means inefficient utilization of resources, thus often leading to inferior outcomes in real life.
(ii) Asymmetric utilization of escaping exits in emergency due to herding effect will decrease evacuation efficiency and bring disastrous consequences | (25)
[8] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding is detrimental to evacuation efficiency |
|
| Herd behaviour is manifested, with underutilisation of other exits. | (26)
[17] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding |
|
| As evacuees choose to follow others during a game, herding behavior will occur in the evacuation process. | (27)
[37] | | | • | | | | • | | • | | | Herding means imitating/following others/majority |
|
| We use the hypothesis of herd behaviour to model the passenger decision-making process that leads to self-evacuation | (28)
[43] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding is common modeling assumption |
|
| In an emergency, passengers on the periphery of the event are usually unaware of the details of the situation. Rather, these passengers usually adopt a herd mentality and evacuate immediately for their security. | (29)
[43] | | | | • | | | • | | • | | | (i) Herding is common evacuation behaviour
(ii) Herding tendency is moderated by the level of uncertainty |
|
| We first introduce a new microscopic model characterized by an exploration phase and an evacuation phase. The main ingredients of the model are an alignment term, accounting for the herding effect typical of uncertain behavior, and a random walk, accounting for the need to explore the environment under limited visibility. | (30)
[44] | | | | • | | | • | | • | | | (i) Herding is common modeling assumption
(ii) Herding tendency is moderated by the level of uncertainty |
|
| The crowd control technique investigated in the previous sections relies on the fact that pedestrians actually exhibit herding behavior in special situations | (31)
[44] | | | | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding is common evacuation behaviour |
|
| A prototype system has been developed, which is able to demonstrate some emergent behaviors, such as competitive queuing, and herding behaviors. | (32)
[39] | | | | • | | | • | | • | | | Producing herding effects is a common criterion for verifying simulation models |
|
| Herding behavior is often observed during the evacuation of a crowd in a room with two exits—one exit is clogged while the other is not fully utilized. | (33)
[39] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding |
|
| One well-known example of social proof under emergency situations is the herding behavior—when under highly uncertain and stressful situations, an individual tends to follow others almost blindly. | (34)
[39] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | (i) Herding means imitating/following others/majority
(ii) Stress increases herding tendency
(iii) Herding tendency is moderated by the level of uncertainty |
|
| Sometimes herding behavior helps people to exit safely, and at other times, the herding behavior may lead people to a dead end or cause the blockages of some exits even though other exits are not fully utilized. | (35)
[39] | | | | • | | | • | | • | | | The effect of herding on evacuation efficiency is unclear |
|
| Building designers often assume that a crowd would exit evenly among multiple exits of a room in case of an emergency; however, herding behavior invalidates such an assumption. | (36)
[39] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding |
|
| In this paper the evacuation crowd system is abstracted into a dynamic complex network composed of three types of people, namely calm people, panic people, and herding people, as well as their interactions. | (37)
[105] | • | | | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding is common modeling assumption |
|
| If other people’s behaviors show a high level of irrationality, such as screaming, rushing, colliding, pushing, etc., which provide salient evidence about panic emotion…one who has a certain herding level will tend to be ‘‘infected’’ and also present irrational panic behavior | (38)
[105] | • | • | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding is common evacuation behaviour |
|
| The evacuation of pedestrians from a smoke-filled room with two exits can lead to herding behaviour and clogging at one of the exits. | (39)
[38] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding |
|
| During evacuation…Exit behaviors such as following leaders or herding to an exit are commonly observed. | (40)
[138] | | | | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding is common evacuation behaviour |
|
| The agents choose their actions and evacuation routes by considering individual preferences, as well as the roles and the behaviors of the members in the social group and other neighboring agents [herding]. | (41)
[138] | | | | | | | • | | • | | | Herding is not the sole determinant of the behaviour |
|
| In addition to static and dynamic fields, the extended model adopts the smoke and herding fields to reflect pedestrian’s smoke-avoiding behavior and herding behavior. | (42)
[137] | | | | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding is common modeling assumption |
|
| The direction that more pedestrians moving to is more attractive. Such behavior is the herding behavior. | (43)
[137] | | | • | | | | • | | • | | | Herding means imitating/following others/majority |
|
| Study of collective behavior of mice has received increasing attention in the field of evacuation. Based on mice, scale-free behavior [o.c.], herd mentality [o.c.], learning experience [o.c.], etc. have been investigated. | (44)
[90] | | | | • | | | | • | | • | | Herding theory in evacuation has been influenced by animal models of behaviour |
|
| Helbing et al. proposed the ignorance of available exits model, which suggested that neither simple individualistic nor herding behavior is optimal for escaping | (45)
[59] | | | | | | | | • | | • | | Mixture of herding and individualistic behavior is beneficial to evacuations |
|
| Pure herding behaviour infers that the whole crowd eventually moves in the same direction while other available exits are not efficiently used. | (46)
[59] | | | • | | | | | • | | • | | Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding |
| Some studies have suggested that the direction of influence is such that we tend to copy the decision of the majority, and this tendency is often referred to as “herd behaviour”. | (47)
[53] | | | • | | | | • | | | • | | Herding means imitating/following others/majority |
|
| Herd behaviour has been assumed by a considerable body of literature (mostly theoretical studies) as a common default behavioural feature of pedestrian evacuees. | (48)
[45] | | | | | | | • | | | • | | Herding is common modeling assumption |
|
| Results also suggested that a simple herd-model may not suffice as a default universal assumption for realistic replication of evacuees’ directional choices | (49)
[45] | | | | | • | | • | | | • | | Pure herding is not an accurate modeling assumption |
|
| The symmetry breaking [herding] observed in nature is fascinating. This symmetry breaking is observed in both human crowds and ant colonies. In such cases, when escaping from a closed space with two symmetrically located exits, one exit is used more often than the other. | (50)
[60] | | | • | • | | | | • | | • | | (i) Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding
(ii) Herding theory in evacuation has been influenced by animal models of behaviour |
|
(i) We study the efficacy of allelomimesis [herding] as an escape strategy of mobile agents (pedestrians) that aim to leave a two-exit room within the shortest possible time.
(ii) Allelomimesis is the act of copying one's kindred neighbors.
(iii) Allelomimesis provides a simple yet versatile mechanism for studying the egress behavior of confined crowds in a multi-exit room. | (51)
[46] | | | • | | | | • | | • | | | (i) Herding is common modeling assumption
(ii) Herding means imitating/following others/majority |
|
| It is not hard to see that allelomimesis [herding] is a plausible mechanism for driving the emergence of herd behavior in crowds and animal groups. | (52)
[46] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | Herding theory in evacuation has been influenced by animal models of behaviour |
|
| When orientation and visibility is poor, such as in smoke-filled rooms or overcrowded areas, only the local information is accessible to each pedestrian. The situation encourages pedestrians to base their decisions on what they know, thus copying the actions of their immediate neighbors, which may result to herding. | (53)
[46] | | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | (i) Herding means imitating/following others/majority
(ii) Herding tendency is moderated by the level of uncertainty |
|
| The assumption of herd-like behaviour does not necessarily apply to all contexts of evacuations and it should be considered in conjunction with the moderating role of context-specific factors, particularly the level of information available to individual evacuees. | (54)
[48] | | | | | | | • | | | • | | (i) Herding is not common evacuation behaviour
(ii) Herding tendency is moderated by the level of uncertainty |
|
| We found that the ants demonstrated the phenomenon of ‘‘symmetry breaking’’ [herding] in this stress situation. | (55)
[61] | | | | | | | | • | | • | | Herding theory in evacuation has been influenced by animal models of behaviour |
|
Blind copying promotes herding behavior in animal groups often with dire consequences
to participants. | (56)
[91] | | | • | | | | | • | | • | | Herding theory in evacuation has been influenced by animal models of behaviour |
|
| A binary logit model is proposed showing that the occurrences of HB [herding behaviour] are affected by both environmental and personal factors. In particular, the model shows that the personal aptitude to HB can have a key role in selecting an exit. | (57)
[50] | | | | | | | • | | | • | | Herding tendency should be considered in conjunction with individual differences |
|
| Three types of interactions among evacuees have been identified: HB (i.e. following others’ behaviour), cooperative behaviour (i.e. working or acting together for the common/mutual benefit) and competitive/selfish behaviour | (58)
[50] | | | | | | | • | | | • | | Herding tendency should be considered in conjunction with individual differences |
|
| HB occurs whenever a decision-maker prefers, among different options, to follow other people’s choices. As regards to the exit choice, this can be explained by the decision of the evacuee to choose an exit just because other evacuees had selected it, instead of striving to identify the exit that would provide them with the best evacuation conditions. | (59)
[50] | | | • | | | | • | | | • | | (i) Herding means imitating/following others/majority
(ii) Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding |
|
| The literature argues that HB could have both positive and negative effects depending on the evacuation conditions | (60)
[50] | | | | | | | • | | | • | | The effect of herding on evacuation efficiency is unclear |
|
| the degree of uncertainty can make the difference in the choice since the higher the uncertainty the more decision-maker could manifest HB. | (61)
[50] | | | | | | | • | | | • | | Herding tendency is moderated by the level of uncertainty |
|
| The model shows that the probability of having an occurrence of HB decreases with the increase of the difference between the number of persons close to the most crowded exit and the least crowded exit… what this means is that when this difference is very high, a decision maker prefers the least crowed exit | (62)
[50] | | | | | • | | • | | | • | | Herding tendency is moderated by the crowdedness level |
|
| This “follow-the-crowd” [herding] behavior was proposed as a possible behavior of simulated humans | (63)
[139] | | | • | | | | | • | | • | | Herding is common evacuation behaviour |
|
| Herding happens when ordinary people behave as a group, effectively surrendering their ability to function as individuals. In panic situations where decisions have to be made quickly under duress it is likely for individuals to lose their ability to decide on their own. Instead, these impaired individuals tend to imitate the action of their neighbors. The tendency to rely on others is a product of experience. | (64)
[140] | • | | • | • | | | | • | | • | | (i) Herding is a feature of panic behaviour
(ii) Herding means imitating/following others/majority |
|
The severe congestion and high pressures that are induced or worsened by herding continue
to exact a high cost to society in terms of infrastructure damage and loss of life and limb | (65)
[140] | | | | • | | | | • | | • | | Herding is detrimental to evacuation efficiency |
|
| The role of herding in escape panic has been studied using equations of motion in the presence of interaction forces [o.c.]. However, quantitative comparisons between model prediction and experimental result have remained scarce. | (66)
[140] | • | | | | | | | • | | • | | Herding theory is in need of empirical testing |
|
| The mice exhibited herding behavior while escaping from a pool of water in a two-exit flooded chamber. | (67)
[140] | | | | • | | | | • | | • | | Herding theory in evacuation has been influenced by animal models of behaviour |
|
The phenomenon of herding is a very general feature of the collective behavior of many species in panic conditions, including humans. It has been predicted theoretically that panic induced herding in individuals confined to a room can produce a non-symmetrical use of two identical exit doors. Here we demonstrate the existence of that phenomenon in experiments, using ants as a model of pedestrians… Our experimental results, combined with theoretical models, suggest that some features of the collective behavior of humans and ants can
be quite similar when escaping under panic. | (68)
[62] | • | | • | • | | | | • | | • | | (i) Herding is a feature of panic behaviour
(ii) Herding is common evacuation behaviour
(iii) Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding
(iv) Herding theory in evacuation has been influenced by animal models of behaviour |
|
(i) Herding prevented the full utilization of the two exits by the escaping mice.
(ii) At the height of panic, allelomimetic tendencies dominate over individual decisions, giving rise to herding. | (69)
[92] | • | | • | • | | | | • | | • | | (i) Herding means imitating/following others/majority
(ii) Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding |
|
People in a dark or smoky room are mimicked by “blind” students wearing eye masks…
Surprisingly, adding more exits does not improve the situation in the expected way, since most people use the exit that is discovered first, which may be viewed as a kind of herding effect based on nonlocal, but direct acoustic interactions. | (70)
[141] | | | • | • | | | • | | | • | | (i) Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding |
|
| Herd behaviour is manifested, with underutilisation of other exits…The choice model proposed in this work is based on the ‘herding behaviour’: in a panic situation, the individual is inclined not to behave autonomously, but to imitate and follow the surrounding persons | (71)
[17] | • | | • | • | | | • | | • | | | (i) Imbalanced use of exits is evidence for herding
(ii) Herding is a feature of panic behaviour
(iii) Herding means imitating/following others/majority |
|
| Humans do not tend to imitate direction choices of the majority [herding]. To the contrary, they tend to avoid the direction chosen by the majority, and the bigger the majority is, the less likely they are to follow it. The high-urgency treatment (assumed to be associated with higher degrees of stress) did not reverse, nor did it decrease this avoid-the-majority tendency. If anything, it even amplified it in certain choice situations. | (72)
[41] | | | | | • | | • | • | | • | | Stress does not increase imitation tendency [in direction choices] |
|
| The general level of crowding (i.e. the total number of people in the choice-maker’s vicinity) is another factor that can moderate the reaction to peers’ decision. Higher levels of crowding also amplified the avoid-the-crowd tendency [opposite the herding] in certain direction choice scenarios. | (73)
[41] | | | | | • | | • | | | • | | Herding tendency is moderated by the crowdedness level |
|
| Imitative (herd) behaviour in direction decision-making hinders efficiency of crowd evacuation processes | (74)
[49] | | | | | | | • | | • | | | Herding is detrimental to evacuation efficiency |
|
