A Data Mining Approach on Lorry Drivers Overloading in Tehran Urban Roads

Table 1

Summary of studies carried out in the field of cargo fleet offenses.

No.	Authors	Country	Case study	Type of offenses	Analysis method	Findings and results
1	Edward us Kay Fappa et al. (1993)	Ghana	1182 trucks and trailers of all types of two, three, four, and five axes	Overloading	Nonlinear regression	For any heavy-duty vehicle and any road, an index should be considered to limit the amount of overload to prevent the damage to the road pavement as well as committing overloading.
2	Walton (1999)	America	Completion of 1013 behavioral questionnaires in collaboration with 680 transport agencies	Speeding	Use of the xyz logic pattern, the XYZ schemata models, chi-square curve, and the triple method	In the three speeds and precautions and safety variables, there were errors in their statements, but there was no error in their skill. With regard to speed and precaution, it became clear that the reason for this error was to underestimate other drivers in these areas.
3	Sullman et al. (2002)	America	Out of 1065 questionnaires sent to drivers of transport companies, 382 completed questionnaires analyzed	DBQ driving behavior	Factor analysis	Four factors (error, slip, normal driving offenses, and aggressive violations) identified, and only the factor of driving offenses showed a significant relationship with the prediction of accidents.
4	Davey et al. (2007)	Australia	443 volunteers working for a large Australian insurance company	DBQ driving behavior	PCA method for analyzing cases of driving behavior questionnaire (DBQ)	Many highway driving offenses are associated with aggressive driving behaviors, and the only parameter that can predict driving offenses is the mileage in a year.
5	Oladepo et al. (2011)	Nigeria	228 professional drivers at Ibadan University	Failure to use seat belts	Descriptive statistics and chi-square model curves	There is a significant relationship between respondents’ views about belt closure and driver’s age, and the use of seat belts and driving experience and education.
6	Tavafian et al. (2011)	Iran	246 commercial vehicle drivers	Speeding	Driving behavior questionnaire and planned behavior theory and multiple regression model	Individual rules and perceived behavior control can indicate the amount of inclination to drive at a speed that is permitted.
7	Zhang et al. (2014)	China	11055 cases of speeding and 10035 driving offenses of alcohol consumption	Unauthorized use and alcohol consumption	Logistic regression	Many factors indicate a significant amount of speed and driving in drunkenness, clearly referred to as the driver’s gender, vehicle type, and lack of light in the streets at night and limited visibility.
8	Thompson et al. (2015)	Australia	Information on driving offenses and accidents of heavy lorry drivers over a year	Fatigue and drowsiness and no certificate	Simulation by TST	Using heavy lorry driver simulated systems, it was found that drivers who are paid per km/trip are more likely to face problems such as lack of certification, fatigue while driving, and increased risk of accidents and fines, compared to drivers who have a fixed salary.
9	Tseng et al. (2016)	Taiwan	2101 male drivers of heavy vehicles	Speeding	Binary logistic regression	The demographic characteristics of drivers, the quality of sleep, and the amount of mileage over a year at night are significantly related to speeding.
10	Vries et al. (2016)	India	49 drivers’ information of a shipping company in India for 370 trips	Speeding	Dual statistical analysis and statistical correlation	Extrovert drivers have less efficiency. Also, with increasing driving experience, the number of driving offenses increases and productivity decreases.
11	Precht et al. (2017)	America	Dangerous driving of 3500 people participating voluntarily was surveyed for three years	Speeding	GLMM model (organized linear mixed model)	Anger, passenger presence, and differences in individual driving behavior are among the main causes of misconduct, excitement, and distraction.
12	Aminic et al. (2017)	Nigeria	Dangerous driving of 394 interviewees in 6 areas of the Port Harcourt city	Speeding	Statistical and inferential methods	Speed violation with 33 percent and dangerous driving with 23 percent are the most violent occurrences in the Harcourt city.
13	Maslać et al. (2018)	Serbia	918 nonprofessional drivers and 504 professional drivers	Driving behavior (DBQ)	Nonparametric analysis (PCA)	The results show a correlation between nonprofessional drivers and ordinary and aggressive offenses and errors, while professional drivers are associated with positive behaviors.
14	Naderi et al. (2018)	Iran	In-person interviews of 474 heavy vehicle drivers	Driving behavior (DBQ)	Structural equation modeling	The more drivers have grievances about their sleep state, the more lapses, errors, and violations occur. Also, the more expensive a vehicle is, the lower the fatigue felt by the driver.