Research Article
Understanding Electric Bikers’ Red-Light Running Behavior: Predictive Utility of Theory of Planned Behavior vs Prototype Willingness Model
Table 4
Effects of the independent variables on RLR intention, willingness, and behavior in three models.
| | RLR intention | RLR willingness | RLR behavior | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total |
| TPB model | | | | | | | | | | AT | 0.291∗∗∗ | | 0.291∗∗∗ | | | | | 0.079∗∗∗ | 0.079∗∗∗ | SN | −0.114∗∗ | −0.027∗∗ | −0.141∗∗∗ | | | | | −0.158∗∗∗ | −0.158∗∗∗ | PBC | 0.527∗∗∗ | 0.048∗∗ | 0.575∗∗∗ | | | | 0.254∗∗∗ | 0.369∗∗∗ | 0.623∗∗∗ | PB | 0.094∗∗ | | 0.094∗∗ | | | | 0.420∗∗∗ | 0.025∗∗ | 0.445∗∗∗ | RI | | | | | | | 0.270∗∗∗ | | 0.270∗∗∗ | PWM model | | | | | | | | | | AT | 0.361∗∗∗ | −0.026 | 0.335∗∗∗ | 0.257∗∗∗ | | 0.257∗∗∗ | | 0.160∗∗∗ | 0.160∗∗∗ | SN | −0.073∗ | | −0.073∗ | | | | | −0.013∗ | −0.013∗ | PB | 0.196∗∗∗ | −0.044 | 0.152∗∗∗ | 0.434∗∗∗ | | 0.434∗∗∗ | 0.140∗∗ | 0.197∗∗∗ | 0.337∗∗∗ | PF | 0.132∗ | −0.013∗ | 0.119 | 0.127∗ | | 0.127∗ | 0.285∗∗∗ | 0.071∗∗∗ | 0.356∗∗∗ | PS | 0.364∗∗∗ | −0.021∗ | 0.343∗∗∗ | 0.203∗∗∗ | | 0.203∗∗∗ | | 0.139∗∗∗ | 0.139∗∗∗ | RW | −0.102 | | −0.102 | | | | 0.395∗∗∗ | −0.018∗ | 0.377∗∗∗ | RI | | | | | | | 0.173∗∗∗ | | 0.173∗∗∗ | TPB-PWM model | | | | | | | | | | AT | 0.282∗∗∗ | −0.014 | 0.268∗∗∗ | 0.256∗∗∗ | | 0.256∗∗∗ | | 0.148∗∗∗ | 0.148∗∗∗ | SN | −0.036 | | −0.036 | | | | | −0.006 | −0.006 | PBC | 0.428∗∗∗ | | 0.428∗∗∗ | | | | | 0.075∗∗∗ | 0.075∗∗∗ | PB | 0.075 | −0.023 | 0.052 | 0.432∗∗∗ | | 0.432∗∗∗ | 0.142∗∗ | 0.179∗∗∗ | 0.321∗∗∗ | PF | 0.082 | −0.007 | 0.075 | 0.132∗ | | 0.132∗ | 0.283∗∗∗ | 0.065∗∗∗ | 0.348∗∗∗ | PS | 0.191∗∗∗ | −0.011 | 0.180∗∗∗ | 0.199∗∗∗ | | 0.199∗∗∗ | | 0.110∗∗∗ | 0.110∗∗∗ | RW | −0.054 | | −0.054 | | | | 0.393∗∗∗ | −0.009 | 0.384∗∗∗ | RI | | | | | | | 0.175∗∗∗ | | 0.175∗∗∗ |
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