Between Pricing and Investment, What Mobility Policies Would Be Advantageous for Île-de-France?

Table 5

Sectorial surplus variations from reference state, in € bn per year.

	ΔU	ΔO	ΔE
1/free transit fares	+2.9	-2.5	+0.2	+0.6
2/energy tax +7c €/L	−0.3	+0.37	+0.05	+0.1
3, 4/road charge in central area, 0.26 OR 0.77 €/km	−0.4	+0.4	+0.2	+0.3
	−1.3	+0.1	+0.7	+0.4
5–8/short-run optimisation, under budget constraint OR NOT	1	0	+0.25	+1.3
	4	3	+0.3	+1.4
9–12/long-run optimisation, under budget constraint OR NOT	3	0	+0.25	+3.6
	6	−2.7	+0.3	+3.9