Research Article
Understanding the Factors That Are Associated with Motorcycle Crash Severity in Rural and Urban Areas of Ghana
Table 4
Mixed multinomial logit model estimation results for urban motorcycle crashes.
| Variable | | Marginal effects | Parameter estimate | t-statistic | Fatal injury | Incapacitating injury | Minor injury | No injury |
| Constant [FI] | 1.448 | 2.67 | | | | | Straight and flat road [FI] | −0.441 | −3.14 | −0.0488 | 0.0214 | 0.0205 | 0.0069 | Rider age more than 60 [FI] | 0.915 | 2.98 | 0.0015 | −0.0007 | −0.0006 | −0.0002 | Rider age between 45 and 60 [FI] | 0.513 | 4.08 | 0.0056 | −0.0024 | −0.0023 | −0.0009 | Light rain condition [FI] | 1.055 | 2.62 | 0.0011 | −0.0003 | −0.0005 | −0.0002 | Poor visibility [FI] | 1.648 | 2.70 | 0.0007 | −0.0003 | −0.0003 | −0.0001 | Head-on collision [FI] | 1.441 | 15.18 | 0.0436 | −0.0184 | −0.0169 | −0.0083 | Rider loss control [FI] | 0.402 | 1.98 | 0.0016 | −0.0007 | −0.0007 | −0.0002 | Sideswipe [FI] | −0.544 | −4.25 | −0.0065 | 0.0027 | 0.0025 | 0.0012 | Multi-vehicle collision [II] | −0.363 | −4.08 | −0.0297 | 0.0126 | 0.0116 | 0.0055 | Constant [II] | 2.057 | 3.95 | | | | | Dark and unlit lighting condition [II] | −0.125 | −0.53 | −0.0025 | 0.0062 | −0.0026 | −0.0012 | Standard deviation for “dark and unlit roadway” (normally distributed) | 4.463 | 1.95 | | | | | Gravel road [IHI] | 0.315 | 1.70 | −0.0005 | 0.0016 | −0.0008 | −0.0003 | Constant [MI] | 1.778 | 3.40 | | | | | Collision at T junction [MI] | 0.432 | 5.68 | −0.0035 | −0.0086 | 0.0152 | −0.0031 | Paved roadway [MI] | −0.310 | −5.22 | 0.0094 | 0.0195 | −0.0355 | 0.0066 | Collision at signalized intersection [MI] | 0.148 | 1.68 | −0.0008 | −0.002 | 0.0036 | −0.0007 | Collision with pedestrian [NI] | −5.437 | −5.43 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | −0.0008 | Male rider [NI] | 0.924 | 1.77 | −0.0155 | −0.0338 | −0.0313 | 0.0805 | Steering defect [NI] | 0.866 | 3.54 | −0.0005 | −0.0009 | −0.0008 | 0.0022 | Multiple motorcycle defects [NI] | 1.210 | 3.35 | −0.0003 | −0.0006 | −0.0006 | 0.0015 | Model statistics | | | | | | | Number of observations | 6617 | | | | | | Log-likelihood restricted | −9173.11 | | | | | | Log-likelihood at convergence | −7848.12 | | | | | | McFadden pseudo- | 0.14 | | | | | |
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