A New Hybrid Model Predictive Controller Design for Adaptive Cruise of Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Figure 17

Distances of the LV and the FV of four controllers. (a) The MPC controller based on Quadprog. (b) The Incremental PID controller. (c) The Switch controller. (d) The MPC controller based on SDNN.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)