Incentives for Ridesharing: A Case Study of Welfare and Traffic Congestion

Table 2

Signs and notations.

Notation	Interpretation
	Regression coefficient associated with the explanatory variable and in mode m
	Probability of choosing mode m, OD
q	Demand matrix
	Demand of OD
	Travellers of choosing mode m, OD
	Utility value of travellers of mode m, OD
	Regression variable associated with the explanatory variable and in mode m
y	Subsidy matrix
	Subsidy to OD
c	Capacity (available seats) of ridesharing vehicles
d	Ridesharing driver
p	Ridesharing passenger
r	Reserve options (e.g., train or bus)
s	Solo driver
M	Travel modes include d, p, r, and s
m	Mode m in M
W	OD matrix
w	OD pair in W
FC	Financial cost for holding a vehicle per day
	Energy cost for OD
	Travel cost of mode m, OD
BC	Basic cost of ridesharing passenger
	Distance of OD
	Travel time of mode m, OD
rTT	Payment rate of travel time
rD	Payment rate of travel distance
rB	Fraction of ridesharing passenger payment for booking ride
CS	Consumer surplus
I	Total subsidy investment
T	Total transaction fees
SW	Social welfare of the transport system
	The upper bound of the subsidy per unit distance