Digital Twins and Road Construction Using Secondary Raw Materials

Table 1

Implemented sensors, types, and position in the road cross section.

Sensor	Mark	Type	Count	Position
Temperature sensor	T	Point sensor	36	Between the layers, in road axis and boundary
Inductive displacement sensor (vertical deformation)	EMU	Network sensor	16	On top and the bottom of subbase courses, below assumed wheels position
Soil moisture sensor	TDR	Point sensor	8	Between the base and subbase course layers, in road axis
Asphalt strain sensor	HAS	Point sensor	8	Below surface course, below assumed wheels position
Horizontal inclinometer (vertical deformation)	HI	Network sensor	4	Below subbase course in the entire profile, measuring points distance: 25 cm
Pressure pads (vertical pressure)	PP	Surface sensor	8	Between two base courses layers, below assumed wheels position