The Impact of Pedestrian and Nonmotorized Vehicle Violations on Vehicle Emissions at Signalized Intersections in the Real World: A Case Study in Beijing

Figure 1

Violations at signalized intersections under mixed-traffic in Beijing. (a) Running red light at the through phase. (b) Running red light at the left-turn phase. (c) Crossing the intersection diagonally. (d) Intruding into the lane.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)