Investigating the Impacts of Road Traffic Conditions and Driver’s Characteristics on Automated Vehicle Takeover Time and Quality Using a Driving Simulator
Table 18
Pairwise test results among genders and ages on takeover time.
Variables
Type
Mean difference
Standard deviation
Degree of freedom
Significance probability
Gender
Male
Female
−0.743
0.132
308.709
≤0.001
Age
20 s
30 s
−0.056
0.242
301.458
1.000
40 s
−0.272
0.244
302.486
1.000
50 s
−0.468
0.202
304.900
0.212
60 s or older
−1.651
0.209
314.834
≤0.001
30 s
40 s
−0.216
0.236
302.559
1.000
50 s
−0.412
0.192
305.270
0.326
60 s or older
−1.595
0.199
316.152
≤0.001
40 s
50 s
−0.196
0.195
306.777
1.000
60 s or older
−1.379
0.201
317.264
≤0.001
50 s
60 s or older
−1.183
0.148
333.335
≤0.001
value is less than 0.05, indicating that the difference is statistically significant at the 95% of confidence level.