Vehicle Assignment considering Battery Endurance for Electric Vehicle Carsharing Systems

Table 1

Categories of carsharing business models.

Dimension	Type	Description
Trip mode	Round-trip	Users rent cars from one place and must return to the same place
	One-way	Users are allowed to pick up vehicles from one place and drop off at another place without compulsorily returning to the original place, e.g., Car2Go and EVCARD
Service range	Station-based	Stations are designed in the networks and users should pick up and drop off only at stations, e.g., EVCARD (round-trip should be station-based)
	Free-floating	Service areas are designed and users are allowed to pick up and drop off at any legal parking place within the service area without compulsorily driving to stations, e.g., Car2Go (free-floating can be one-way, and one-way can be both station-based and free-floating)
Access mode	Long-term reservation	Users should make reservations for vehicles by providing their trip information usually one day or more before their trips
	Short-term reservation	Users should make reservations for vehicles on several hours or minutes ahead of their trips
	Instant access/on- demand	Users can choose any available vehicles and are not required to make reservations before their trips
Vehicle type	Fuel vehicle	System operates vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines and can be refueled easily
	Battery electric vehicle	System operates battery electric vehicles (BEVs) which have limited driving range and recharging speed
	Other green energy	System operates plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or other green energy vehicles