Research Article
An Online Map Matching Algorithm Based on Second-Order Hidden Markov Model
Table 1
Comparison of HMM-based map matching studies.
| Category | Model | Sliding window | Factors of observation probability | Factors of transition probability | Order of HMM |
| Offline | Interactive-voting matching [23] | × | × | Speed constraint | First order | HMM matching [24] | × | × | Distance difference | Unsupervised HMM [25] | × | Antenna location | Speed constraint | Quick matching [26] | × | Speed constraint | × | Multistage matching [27] | × | Vehicle heading | Heading change difference | Driver path preference–based HMM [28] | × | × | Distance difference; speed constraint; driver’s travel preference |
| Online | SnapNet [29] | Fixed size | Vehicle heading; road level | Distance difference; network topology (same road priority) | Spatial and temporal matching [30] | Fixed size | × | Speed constraint | Route choice HMM [31] | Variable size | × | Distance difference; free-flow travel time | This study | Self-adaptive size | Vehicle heading; road level; driver’s travel preference | Distance difference; network topology (same/adjacent road priority) | Second order |
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