An Online Map Matching Algorithm Based on Second-Order Hidden Markov Model

Table 1

Comparison of HMM-based map matching studies.

Category	Model	Sliding window	Factors of observation probability	Factors of transition probability	Order of HMM
Offline	Interactive-voting matching [23]	×	×	Speed constraint	First order
	HMM matching [24]	×	×	Distance difference
	Unsupervised HMM [25]	×	Antenna location	Speed constraint
	Quick matching [26]	×	Speed constraint	×
	Multistage matching [27]	×	Vehicle heading	Heading change difference
	Driver path preference–based HMM [28]	×	×	Distance difference; speed constraint; driver’s travel preference
Online	SnapNet [29]	Fixed size	Vehicle heading; road level	Distance difference; network topology (same road priority)
	Spatial and temporal matching [30]	Fixed size	×	Speed constraint
	Route choice HMM [31]	Variable size	×	Distance difference; free-flow travel time
	This study	Self-adaptive size	Vehicle heading; road level; driver’s travel preference	Distance difference; network topology (same/adjacent road priority)	Second order