An Online Map Matching Algorithm Based on Second-Order Hidden Markov Model

Table 2

Optimal parameter values.

Parameter	Optimal value	Range	Impact
	0.02	0–0.05	Control the effect of road weight on results
	0.6	0–1	Control the effect of vehicle heading weight on results
psame	0.6	0.5–0.8	Control the effect of same/adjacent road priority on results