The Impact of Road Types on the Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles

Table 1

Studies relevant for this paper by author, year, location, type of vehicle analyzed, and relevant key findings of the publications.

Author (s)	Year	Study location	Methods	Vehicles studied	Relevant key findings
Bingham et al.	2012	United Kingdom	Multimethod analysis of driving data	BEVs	Nonaggressive driving reduces BEV energy consumption; less acceleration and deceleration increase efficiency
Brundell-Freij & Ericsson	2005	Sweden	Linear regression analysis	ICEVs	Traffic environment, driver, and car mass affect performance
Ericsson	2000	Sweden	ANOVA	ICEVs	Street type has the highest impact on driving patterns; driving patterns vary with time of the day
Ericsson et al.	2006	Sweden	Network analysis using Dijkstra algorithm	ICEVs	Route choice impacts efficiency due to differences in traffic patterns
Faria et al.	2013	Portugal	Life-cycle assessment	ICEVs, PHEVs, & BEVs	Aggressive driving and climate control decrease vehicle efficiency
Faria et al.	2019	Portugal	Multimethods approach; nonparametric testing	ICEVs	Road characteristics and driving behavior impact vehicle efficiency
Fetene et al.	2017	Denmark	Regression analysis, parametric and nonparametric testing	BEVs	Road type does not affect BEV efficiency; BEV performance varies with weather conditions and driving behavior
Fiori et al.	2019	Italy	Simulation analysis using different vehicle simulators	ICEVs, EVs	ICEVs and EVs consumption behavior differ with speed; EV energy consumption increases with speed
Franke et al.	2015	Germany	Statistical sample comparison	BEVs	Eco-driving from ICEVs applicable to BEVs for increase in efficiency; experience increases eco-driving potential
Galvin	2017	Germany	Simulation modeling and regression analysis	BEVs	BEV efficiency is lower in modest to high acceleration; BEV energy-optimal speed at approx. 37 mph
Hallmark et al.	2002	U.S.	Linear regression analysis and regression tree analysis		Various traffic characteristics and volume impact emission rates
Jensen	1995	Denmark & Sweden	Regression analysis	ICEVs	Emission levels are impacted by ambient temperature and speed rather than road type
Kurien et al.	2020	India	Simulation modeling	BEVs	The range potential of BEVs decreases with speed and slope
Liu et al.	2021	China	Path modeling	BEVs	Avoidance of traffic can decrease BEV efficiency; BEVs are less efficient in lower temperatures and higher speeds
Sivak & Schoettle	2012	—	Literature review	ICEVs	Efficiency differs with route choice and ultimately the type of road
Wu et al.	2015	U.S.	Energy consumption modeling	BEVs	BEVs more efficient during in-city driving than freeway driving
Yao et al.	2013	China	Analysis of vehicle-specific power distribution	BEVs	BEV efficiency depends on the road type and speed; consumption on arterial roads is notably different