An Improved CEEMDAN-FE-TCN Model for Highway Traffic Flow Prediction

Table 7

Prediction error of different algorithms of 717490 and 718462.

717490					718462
Model	Evaluation criterion	One-step	Two-step	Three-step	Model	Evaluation criterion	One-step	Two-step	Three-step
TCN	MAE	24.98	27.00	28.59	TCN	MAE	5.31	5.41	5.41
	RMSE	34.33	36.79	38.75		RMSE	7.01	7.11	7.16
	GEH (Average)	1.31	1.43	1.52		GEH (Average)	1.00	1.02	1.01
	R-square	0.967	0.962	0.958		R-square	0.820	0.815	0.812
LSTM	MAE	26.22	27.56	28.80	LSTM	MAE	5.35	5.52	5.58
	RMSE	35.83	37.74	38.91		RMSE	7.02	7.28	7.34
	GEH (Average)	1.39	1.47	1.54		GEH (Average)	1.01	1.04	1.05
	R-square	0.964	0.960	0.957		R-square	0.820	0.806	0.803
GRU	MAE	25.06	27.23	28.10	GRU	MAE	5.34	5.50	5.58
	RMSE	35.03	37.88	38.99		RMSE	7.02	7.24	7.37
	GEH (Average)	1.30	1.42	1.45		GEH (Average)	1.01	1.03	1.05
	R-square	0.965	0.960	0.957		R-square	0.820	0.808	0.801
SVR	MAE	30.30	32.69	33.80	SVR	MAE	5.41	5.55	5.64
	RMSE	39.33	42.53	44.15		RMSE	7.17	7.31	7.42
	GEH (Average)	1.69	1.87	1.94		GEH (Average)	1.02	1.05	1.07
	R-square	0.956	0.949	0.945		R-square	0.812	0.804	0.799
HA	MAE	31.92	33.70	35.55	HA	MAE	5.69	5.83	5.96
	RMSE	44.89	47.70	50.66		RMSE	7.55	7.76	7.95
	GEH (Average)	1.66	1.75	1.85		GEH (Average)	1.07	1.09	1.12
	R-square	0.943	0.936	0.928		R-square	0.792	0.780	0.769
ICEEMDAN-FE-TCN	MAE	7.36	11.57	13.87	ICEEMDAN-FE-TCN	MAE	2.10	2.97	3.39
	RMSE	10.34	16.93	19.09		RMSE	2.96	3.99	4.36
	GEH (Average)	0.39	0.60	0.73		GEH (Average)	0.39	0.56	0.66
	R-square	0.997	0.992	0.990		R-square	0.968	0.942	0.927
ICEEMDAN-FE-LSTM	MAE	9.32	13.37	14.66	ICEEMDAN-FE-LSTM	MAE	2.34	3.09	3.49
	RMSE	12.61	18.25	19.71		RMSE	3.10	4.08	4.48
	GEH (Average)	0.50	0.74	0.79		GEH (Average)	0.47	0.61	0.72
	R-square	0.996	0.991	0.989		R-square	0.965	0.939	0.927
ICEEMDAN-FE-GRU	MAE	8.41	12.32	14.91	ICEEMDAN-FE-GRU	MAE	2.39	3.45	3.49
	RMSE	11.68	17.26	20.12		RMSE	3.14	4.33	4.51
	GEH (Average)	0.43	0.64	0.80		GEH (Average)	0.49	0.74	0.70
	R-square	0.996	0.992	0.989		R-square	0.964	0.931	0.925
ICEEMDAN-FE-SVR	MAE	17.13	26.08	28.95	ICEEMDAN-FE-SVR	MAE	2.60	3.54	3.85
	RMSE	22.31	33.57	36.40		RMSE	3.55	4.79	5.16
	GEH (Average)	0.92	1.49	1.67		GEH (Average)	0.51	0.69	0.74
	R-square	0.986	0.968	0.963		R-square	0.954	0.916	0.903

Note.indicates the best results; ICEEMDAN means improved CEEMDAN.