ORCLSim: A System Architecture for Studying Bicyclist and Pedestrian Physiological Behavior through Immersive Virtual Environments

Table 2

IVE bicyclist simulator literature table.

Report information	Level of immersion				Data reported
Author and year	Simulator environment setting	Visual technology	Agency of movement	Haptic	Participant	Kinematic	Movement	Eye tracking	Physiology	Stated preference
van Veen et al., 1998 [71]	Real world	SS + HMD	Real time	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	—
Kwon et al., 2001 [72]	Real world	SS + HMD	Real time	✓	—	✓	✓	—	—	—
Nikolas et al., 2016 [73]	Simulation	CAVE	Real time	✓	63	✓	—	—	—	✓
O’Hern et al., 2017 [47]	Real world	HMD	Dummy	—	30	✓	—	—	—	✓
Xu et al., 2017 [74]	Simulation	HMD	Stationary	—	30	✓	—	—	—	✓
Kwigizile et al., 2017 [75]	Real world	HMD	Real time	✓	36	✓	—	—	✓	✓
Lee et al., 2017 [76]	—	HMD	Real time	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—
Stroh 2017 [77]	—	CAVE	Real time	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—
Keler et al., 2018 [78]	Real world	SS + HMD	Real time	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—
Sun and Qing 2018 [49]	Real world	CAVE + HMD	Real time	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	—
Nazemi et al., 2018 [79]	—	HMD	Dummy	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Abadi et al., 2019 [80]	—	SS	Real time	—	48	—	—	—	—	✓
Shoman and Imine 2020 [81]	—	CAVE	Real time	✓	10	✓	—	—	—	✓
Current study 2021	Real world	HMD	Real time	✓	—	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Note: —: not included or not specified in the paper; ✓: included in the paper. Simulator environment setting: whether IVE is simulated from a real word environment or not. Visual technology: the subject viewed a single screen (SS), multiple screens, or CAVE or head-mounted display (HMD) as a visual source. Agency of movement: stationary, the subject remained motionless or interacted via controller; dummy, the subject was on the stationary bike but movements were not translated into VR; real time, subject movements were translated into VR. Haptic: interaction with the environment through vibration, resistance, etc. Kinematic: speed, steering, and direction data. Movement: body or head movements data. Eye tracking: eye tracking data included. Physiology: whether any physiological responses are recorded (such as heart rate). Stated preference: subjective stated preference from participants.