ORCLSim: A System Architecture for Studying Bicyclist and Pedestrian Physiological Behavior through Immersive Virtual Environments

Table 3

IVE pedestrian simulator literature table.

Report information	Level of immersion				Data reported
Author and year	Simulator environment setting	Visual technology	Agency of movement	Haptic	Participant	Kinematic	Movement	Eye tracking	Physiology	Statedpreference
Simpson et al., 2003 [82]	Simulation	HMD	Real time	—	24	—	✓	—	—	—
Banton et al., 2005 [83]	—	HMD	Dummy	—	27	✓	✓	—	—	✓
Tzanavari et al., 2015 [84]	—	CAVE	Real time	—	6	—	✓	—	—	-
Schwebel et al., 2017a [53]	Real world	CAVE	Dummy	—	219	—	✓	—	—	✓
Mallaro et al., 2017 [52]	Simulation	CAVE + HMD	Real time	—	32	—	✓	—	—	—
Maillot et al., 2017 [51]	Simulation	CAVE	Stationary + real time	—	20 + 40	—	✓	—	—	—
Iryo-Asano et al., 2018 [85]	Simulation	HMD	Real time	—	32	✓	—	—	—	✓
Farooq et al., 2018 [57]	Simulation	HMD	Real time	—	42	—	—	—	—	✓
Deb et al., 2018 [58]	Simulation	HMD	Real time	—	30	✓	✓	—	—	✓
Bhagavathula et al., 2018 [59]	Real world	HMD	Dummy	—	16	✓	—	—	—	✓
Cavallo et al., 2019 [86]	—	CAVE	Real time	—	79	—	✓	—	—	—
Current study in 2021	Real world	HMD	Real time	✓	—	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Note: —: not included or not specified in the paper; ✓: included in the paper. Simulator environment setting: whether IVE is simulated from a real word environment or just simulation. Visual technology: subject viewed a single screen (SS), multiple screens, or CAVE, or head-mounted display (HMD) as a visual source. Agency of movement: stationary, the subject remained motionless or interacted via controller; dummy, the subject walked on a treadmill or stepped off the platform but actions were not translated in VR, and the movement was only proxy; Real time - subject movements were translated in VR. Haptic: interaction with the environment through, vibration, resistance, etc. Kinematic: speed, steering, and direction data. Movement: body or head movements. Eye tracking: eye tracking data included. Physiology: whether any physiological responses are recorded (such as heart rate). Stated preference: subjective stated preference from participants.