The Value of Preemptive Pick-Up Services in Dynamic Vehicle Routing for Last-Mile Delivery: Space-Time Network-Based Formulation and Solution Algorithms

Figure 5

Space-time network in a 3-node example. (a) Space-time network for 3-node example (non-preemptive service) and (b) space-time network for 3-node example (preemptive service).

(a)

(b)