The Value of Preemptive Pick-Up Services in Dynamic Vehicle Routing for Last-Mile Delivery: Space-Time Network-Based Formulation and Solution Algorithms

Table 15

The solution results under different ratios of pick-up & delivery utility.

The ratio of pick-up and delivery utility	The value of objective function under preemptive service	The value of objective function under non-preemptive service	The reduction percentage
1	−4753	−4457	−6.64%
1.2	−3803	−3507	−8.44%
1.5	−2853	−2557	−11.58%
2	−1903	−1607	−18.42%
2.25	−878	−657	−33.64%
3	−953	−657	−45.05%
3.75	−1028	−657	−56.47%
4.5	−1103	−657	−67.88%