Examine the Prediction Error of Ride-Hailing Travel Demands with Various Ignored Sparse Demand Effects

Table 2

Comparison of different models in minimum demand threshold type 1.

Model	Threshold 1		Threshold 2		Threshold 4		Threshold 8
	SMAPE (×10^−2)	RMSE	SMAPE (×10^−2)	RMSE	SMAPE (×10^−2)	RMSE	SMAPE (×10^−2)	RMSE
ARIMA	22.67	4.12	19.92	5.32	16.23	7.26	13.15	8.79
H-ANN	21.85	4.01	18.76	5.13	15.76	7.22	12.94	8.55
H-CNN	21.4	3.52	18.94	4.69	14.28	6.24	12.2	7.92
H-LSTM	19.45	3.67	15.07	4.54	13.89	6.41	10.7	7.27
H-CNN-LSTM	17.38	3.4	14.52	4.14	12.57	5.78	10.06	6.9
H-CNN-GRU	17.29	3.34	14.49	4.24	12.41	5.58	10.13	6.88
H-ConvLSTM	16.34	3.03	13.75	3.97	11.35	5.34	9.612	6.66