Comorbidities and Concomitant Medication Use in Men with Prostate Cancer or High Levels of PSA Compared to Matched Controls: A GPRD Analysis
Table 5
Prevalence (and 95% CI) of concomitant medication use that was statistically significantly different between CaP patients and their controls or between men with elevated PSA but no CaP and their controls in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD, 2003–2008)1.
Cases
Controls
OR (95% CI)
CaP patients () and matched controls (): during 12 months prior to the index date
Alpha blockers (in urinary retention)
24.3 (22.0, 26.6)
7.1 (5.7, 8.4)
4.2 (3.3, 5.4)
Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs
20.7 (18.6, 22.9)
6.7 (5.4, 8.0)
3.6 (2.8, 4.7)
Sulphonamides and trimethoprim
12.2 (10.4, 13.9)
3.9 (2.9, 5.0)
3.4 (2.4, 4.8)
Quinolones
8.8 (7.3, 10.3)
3.1 (2.2, 4.1)
3.0 (2.1, 4.4)
Lidocaine/lignocaine (in anaesthesia)
6.4 (5.1, 7.7)
3.0 (2.1, 3.9)
2.2 (1.5, 3.4)
Cephalosporins and other beta lactams
6.9 (5.6, 8.3)
4.2 (3.1, 5.2)
1.7 (1.2, 2.4)
Osmotic laxatives
10.6 (8.9, 12.2)
7.4 (6.0, 8.8)
1.5 (1.1, 2.0)
Thiazides and related diuretics
20.3 (18.1, 22.4)
17.0 (14.9, 19.0)
1.2 (1.02, 1.5)
Antiplatelet drugs
29.7 (27.2, 32.1)
34.3 (31.8, 36.9)
0.8 (0.7, 0.95)
Statins
28.8 (26.4, 31.3)
32.8 (30.3, 35.3)
0.8 (0.7, 0.98)
Prostate cancer and gonadorelin analogues
7.9 (6.4, 9.3)
—2
Emollient skin preparations
7.9 (6.4, 9.3)
—2
Male sex hormones and antagonists
6.2 (5.0, 7.5)
—2
CaP patients (,345) and matched controls (,345): during 12 months after the index date
Lidocaine/lignocaine (in anaesthesia)
17.8 (15.8, 19.9)
2.0 (1.3, 2.8)
10.6 (7.0, 16.5)
Alpha blockers (in urinary retention)
26.8 (24.5, 29.2)
8.0 (6.5, 9.4)
4.2 (3.4, 5.4)
Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs
22.8 (20.6, 25.1)
7.4 (6.0, 8.8)
3.7 (2.9, 4.8)
Quinolones
8.4 (6.9, 9.9)
3.3 (2.4, 4.3)
2.6 (1.8, 3.9)
Drugs for urinary frequency, enuresis and incontinence
10.6 (8.9, 12.2)
4.7 (3.6, 5.8)
2.4 (1.8, 3.3)
Prophylaxis of migraine
6.5 (5.2, 7.8)
3.0 (2.1, 4.0)
2.2 (1.5, 3.3)
Motility stimulants
3.9 (2.8, 4.9)
1.8 (1.1, 2.5)
2.2 (1.3, 3.8)
Drugs for erectile dysfunction
12.3 (10.6, 14.1)
5.9 (4.6, 7.1)
2.3 (1.7, 3.0)
Osmotic laxatives
15.0 (13.1, 16.9)
7.6 (6.2, 9.0)
2.2 (1.7, 2.8)
Sulphonamides and trimethoprim
10.7 (9.1, 12.4)
4.6 (3.5, 5.7)
1.9 (1.4, 2.6)
Vasodilator antihypertensive drugs
7.4 (6.0, 8.8)
3.9 (2.8, 4.9)
2.0 (1.4, 2.9)
Compound haemorrhoidal preparations with corticosteroids
4.2 (3.2, 5.3)
2.2 (1.4, 3.0)
1.9 (1.2, 3.1)
Stimulant laxatives
8.8 (7.3, 10.3)
4.8 (3.7, 6.0)
1.9 (1.4, 2.6)
Anxiolytics and neuroleptics (in anaesthesia)
6.0 (4.8, 7.3)
3.3 (2.4, 4.3)
1.9 (1.3, 2.8)
Tricyclic and related antidepressant drugs
7.1 (5.7, 8.4)
4.0 (3.0, 5.1)
1.8 (1.3, 2.6)
Oral iron
6.6 (5.3, 7.9)
4.0 (3.0, 5.1)
1.7 (1.2, 2.4)
Neuropathic pain
6.5 (5.2, 7.9)
4.0 (3.0, 5.1)
1.7 (1.2, 2.4)
Drugs used in nausea and vertigo
9.4 (7.8, 10.9)
5.9 (4.6, 7.1)
1.7 (1.2, 2.2)
Antimotility drugs
6.5 (5.2, 7.9)
4.2 (3.1, 5.2)
1.6 (1.1, 2.3)
Hypnotics
9.4 (7.8, 10.9)
6.8 (5.4, 8.1)
1.4 (1.1, 1.9)
Acute attacks of gout
13.9 (12.1, 15.8)
10.3 (8.7, 12.0)
1.4 (1.1, 1.8)
Urinary-tract infections
20.1 (18.0, 22.3)
15.2 (13.3, 17.2)
1.4 (1.1, 1.7)
Broad-spectrum penicillins
22.2 (20.0, 24.5)
18.2 (16.2, 20.3)
1.3 (1.1, 1.6)
Topical corticosteroids
21.5 (19.3, 23.7)
17.6 (15.6, 19.7)
1.3 (1.1, 1.6)
Statins
32.2 (29.7, 34.7)
37.2 (34.7, 39.8)
0.8 (0.7, 0.9)
Antiplatelet drugs
32.1 (29.6, 34.6)
37.4 (34.8, 40.0)
0.8 (0.7, 0.9)
Prostate cancer and gonadorelin analogues
71.8 (69.4, 74.2)
—2
Drugs affecting gonadotrophins
34.1 (31.5, 36.6)
—2
Breast cancer
23.9 (21.6, 26.1)
—2
Male sex hormones and antagonists
16.8 (14.8, 18.8)
—2
Ventricular arrhythmias
11.8 (10.1, 13.5)
—2
Leg bags
6.9 (5.6, 8.3)
—2
Night drainage bags
5.1 (3.9, 6.2)
—2
Men with elevated PSA but no CaP () and matched controls (): during 12 months prior to the index date
Sulphonamides and trimethoprim
10.6 (9.9, 11.3)
3.0 (2.6, 3.4)
3.9 (3.3, 4.5)
Alpha blockers (in urinary retention)
16.8 (15.9, 17.6)
7.4 (6.8, 7.9)
2.5 (2.3, 2.8)
Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs
14.3 (13.5, 15.1)
6.8 (6.2, 7.4)
2.3 (2.0, 2.6)
Quinolones
5.6 (5.1, 6.1)
2.8 (2.4, 3.2)
2.1 (1.8, 2.5)
Male sex hormones and antagonists
3.2 (2.8, 3.6)
1.6 (1.3, 1.8)
2.1 (1.6, 2.6)
Cephalosporins and other beta lactams
7.2 (6.6, 7.7)
3.6 (3.2, 4.1)
2.0 (1.8, 2.4)
Biguanides
4.4 (3.9, 4.8)
6.6 (6.0, 7.1)
0.7 (0.6, 0.8)
Sulphonylureas
3.2 (2.8, 3.6)
4.7 (4.2, 5.2)
0.7 (0.6, 0.8)
Diagnostic and monitoring agents for diabetes mellitus
1.7 (1.4, 2.0)
2.3 (2.0, 2.6)
0.7 (0.6, 0.9)
Other antianginal drugs
1.3 (1.1, 1.6)
1.8 (1.5, 2.1)
0.7 (0.6, 0.9)
Nitrates
7.7 (7.1, 8.3)
9.4 (8.7, 10)
0.8 (0.7, 0.9)
Loop diuretics
5.9 (5.4, 6.5)
7.4 (6.8, 8.0)
0.8 (0.7, 0.9)
Nonopioid analgesics
39.1 (38.0, 40.2)
43.8 (42.7, 44.9)
0.8 (0.8, 0.9)
Control of epilepsy
4.2 (3.8, 4.7)
5.1 (4.6, 5.6)
0.8 (0.7, 0.96)
Neuropathic pain
3.9 (3.5, 4.3)
4.6 (4.2, 5.1)
0.8 (0.7, 0.98)
Antimotility drugs
2.8 (2.4, 3.1)
3.3 (2.9, 3.7)
0.8 (0.7, 0.995)
Statins
28.4 (26.6, 30.3)
32.5 (30.7, 34.4)
0.8 (0.8, 0.9)
Antiplatelet drugs
26.5 (24.6, 28.4)
30.5 (28.7, 32.4)
0.8 (0.8, 0.9)
Opioid analgesics
19.6 (18.7, 20.5)
21.8 (20.8, 22.7)
0.9 (0.8, 0.9)
Beta adrenoceptor blocking drugs
18.3 (17.5, 19.2)
19.9 (19.0, 20.7)
0.9 (0.8, 0.98)
Men with elevated PSA but no CaP (,725) and matched controls (,725): during 12 months after the index date
Male sex hormones and antagonists
10.6 (10.0, 11.3)
1.7 (2.0, 1.4)
6.9 (5.7, 8.4)
Alpha blockers (in urinary retention)
32.2 (31.1, 33.2)
8.0 (8.6, 7.4)
5.5 (5.0, 6.0)
Alpha adrenoceptor blocking drugs
27.4 (26.4, 28.4)
7.3 (7.9, 6.7)
4.8 (4.3, 5.3)
Sulphonamides and trimethoprim
10.2 (9.5, 10.9)
2.8 (3.2, 2.4)
4.0 (3.4, 4.7)
Quinolones
9.3 (8.7, 10.0)
3.1 (3.4, 2.7)
3.3 (2.8, 3.8)
Cephalosporins and other beta lactams
7.4 (6.8, 8.0)
3.9 (4.3, 3.4)
2.0 (1.7, 2.3)
Lidocaine/lignocaine (in anaesthesia)
3.5 (3.1, 3.9)
2.4 (2.7, 2.0)
1.5 (1.2,1.8)
Compound haemorrhoidal preparations with corticosteroids
2.9 (2.5, 3.3)
2.3 (2.6, 1.9)
1.3 (1.1,1.6)
Drugs for urinary frequency, enuresis and incontinence
6.3 (5.7, 6.8)
5.2 (5.6, 4.7)
1.2 (1.1, 1.4)
Drugs for erectile dysfunction
7.4 (6.8, 8.0)
6.3 (6.9, 5.8)
1.2 (1.08, 1.4)
Vasodilator antihypertensive drugs
4.9 (4.4, 5.4)
4.2 (4.7, 3.8)
1.2 (1.003, 1.4)
Biguanides
4.9 (4.4, 5.4)
7.2 (7.8, 6.7)
0.7 (0.6, 0.8)
Sulphonylureas
3.4 (3.0, 3.8)
4.7 (5.2, 4.2)
0.7 (0.6, 0.8)
Emollient bath additives
1.7 (1.4, 2.0)
2.3 (2.6, 2.0)
0.7 (0.6, 0.9)
Calcium supplements
2.2 (1.8, 2.5)
2.7 (3.1, 2.3)
0.8 (0.6, 0.98)
Vitamin D
1.9 (1.6, 2.2)
2.4 (2.8, 2.1)
0.8 (0.6, 0.98)
Nitrates
7.5 (6.9, 8.1)
9.4 (10, 8.7)
0.8 (0.7, 0.9)
Neuropathic pain
4.3 (3.9, 4.8)
5.1 (5.6, 4.6)
0.8 (0.7, 0.98)
Antiplatelet drugs
29.4 (28.4, 30.4)
32.9 (34.0, 31.9)
0.8 (0.8, 0.9)
Nonopioid analgesics
42.6 (41.5, 43.7)
45.9 (47.0, 44.7)
0.9 (0.8, 0.9)
Beta adrenoceptor blocking drugs
18.5 (17.6, 19.4)
20.6 (21.5, 19.7)
0.9 (0.8, 0.9)
Loop diuretics
7.0 (6.4, 7.6)
8.1 (8.7, 7.5)
0.9 (0.8, 0.96)
Emollient skin preparations
7.4 (6.8, 8.0)
8.5 (9.1, 7.9)
0.9 (0.8, 0.97)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
42.8 (41.7, 43.9)
44.7 (45.8, 43.6)
0.9 (0.9, 0.98)
1Medications, listed by class per British National Formulary (BNF) header within the product files, were assessed among a subgroup of men in GPRD within the latter five years (i.e., index dates between August 1, 2003 and July 31, 2008), in order to provide a more up-to-date pattern for medication use. OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval. This table, ranked by magnitude of the OR, includes only medications with significant ORs. For medications used by less than 2% in cases (or controls), only those used by >5% by their matched patients were included. Index date was the date of initial CaP diagnosis for prostate cancer (CaP) patients; the date of first elevated PSA test result for men with elevated PSA but no CaP; the same index date as their matched cases for controls. 2Blanks indicate that the frequency of medication use was <2%.
