The Influences of Health Insurance and Access to Information on Prostate Cancer Screening among Men in Dominican Republic
Table 3
Determinants of testing for prostate cancer using hierarchical logistic regression.
Variable
Model ()
Model ()
Model ()
Model ()
OR (SE)
OR (SE)
OR (SE)
OR (SE)
Health insurance (ref: no)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
1.91 (0.171)
1.73 (0.156)
1.64 (0.157)
1.81 (0.417)
Risk factors
Cholesterol level (ref: no)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
3.85 (0.489)
3.37 (0.433)
3.02 (0.412)
2.90 (0.384)
Do you smoke (ref: no)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
0.49 (0.064)
0.54 (0.071)
0.52 (0.072)
0.52 (0.071)
Access to information
Received information on cancer prevention (ref: no)
1.00
1.00
1.00
Yes
1.22 (0.106)
1.05 (0.097)
1.05 (0.094)
Education (ref: none)
1.00
1.00
1.00
Primary
1.48 (0.282)
1.67 (0.336)
1.67 (0.330)
Secondary
1.75 (0.364)
1.88 (0.418)
1.87 (0.411)
Tertiary and higher
3.68 (0.832)
3.12 (0.764)
3.02 (0.727)
Listen to radio (ref: none)
1.00
1.00
1.00
Often
1.07 (0.234)
1.11 (0.256)
1.13 (0.256)
Very often
1.05 (0.197)
1.02 (0.203)
1.02 (0.199)
Watch television (ref: none)
1.00
1.00
1.00
Often
1.14 (0.296)
1.11 (0.302)
1.088 (0.287)
Very often
1.21 (0.275)
1.12 (0.267)
1.113 (0.257)
Read newspapers (ref: none)
1.00
1.00
1.00
Often
1.19 (0.145)
1.17 (0.149)
1.17 (0.148)
Very often
1.37 (0.147)
1.39 (0.162)
1.38 (0.158)
Demographic factors
Age categories (40–44)
1.00
1.00
45–49
1.91 (0.238)
1.92 (0.233)
50–54
3.27 (0.425)
3.26 (0.412)
55 and over
5.49 (0.750)
5.43 (0.719)
Marital status (ref: never married)
1.00
1.00
Married
3.08 (0.804)
3.01 (0.772)
Separated
2.36 (0.644)
2.32 (0.625)
Religion (ref: Catholic)
1.00
1.00
Other Christians
1.06 (0.135)
1.06 (0.131)
No religion
0.87 (0.095)
0.87 (0.093)
Place of residence (ref: urban)
1.00
1.00
Rural
1.13 (0.123)
Na
Region of residence (ref: 0)
I
1.46 (0.284)
1.46 (0.265)
II
1.83 (0.345)
1.80 (0.317)
III
1.68 (0.327)
1.68 (0.305)
IV
1.07 (0.232)
1.09 (0.223)
V
1.36 (0.267)
1.36 (0.249)
VI
1.59 (0.318)
1.58 (0.294)
VII
1.85 (0.360)
1.84 (0.335)
VIII
1.32 (0.256)
1.33 (0.241)
Socioeconomic factors
Wealth (ref: poorest)
1.00
Poorer
1.12 (0.164)
n/a
Middle
1.55 (0.227)
n/a
Richer
2.34 (0.356)
n/a
Richest
3.20 (0.544)
n/a
Interaction effects
Insurance coverage and wealth (ref: uninsured and poorest)
Uninsured and poorer
1.329 (0.322)
Uninsured and middle
1.73 (0.412)
Uninsured and richer
2.48 (0.593)
Uninsured and richest
3.46 (0.907)
Insured and poorer
1.04 (0.181)
Insured and middle
1.47 (0.255)
Insured and richer
2.27 (0.406)
Insured and richest
3.04 (0.591)
Uninsured and urban
Uninsured and rural
1.13 (0.189)
Insured and rural
1.158 (0.143)
Random effects
1.65 (0.126)
1.50 (0.128)
1.38 (0.150)
1.39 (0.147)
Constant
0.26 (0.021)
0.09 (0.029)
0.01 (0.003)
0.01 (0.003)
Observations
3,272
3,272
3,272
3,272
Standard errors in parentheses , . OR refers to odds ratios and SE refers to standard errors. Variables included in these models: model 1 = health insurance and risk factors (health insurance, told of cholesterol level, and ever smoke cigarettes), model 2 = model 1 + access to information (received information on cancer prevention, education, listen to radio, watch television, and literacy), model 3 = model 2 + demographic factors (age category, marital status, religion, region and place of residence, and wealth), model 4 = model 3 + interaction effects.
