Knoevenagel Condensation of Aldehydes with Ethyl Cyanoacetate in Water Catalyzed by P4VP/Al₂O₃-SiO₂

Figure 5

Effect of catalyst amount on the Knoevenagel condensation over P4VP/Al₂O₃-SiO₂. Reaction conditions: catalyst (P4VP/Al₂O₃-SiO₂(0.6) (in situ)), benzaldehyde (2 mmol), ethyl cyanoacetate (2 mmol), reflux, H₂O (10 mL), reaction time = 30 min, and selectivity = 100%.