Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Gamble’s Fluid: Is the Fluid Toxic? Can It Be Made Safer by Inclusion of Solid Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides?

Table 1

Relative (to external 2-CEES control) amounts of extractable products from various fluids.

Fluid	Contact time (hours)	2-CEES	HEES	DEDS	NEES	EVS	BEE	Trimer
	1	2.1	13	≤0.24		≤0.06
Water	24	0.91	42		BDL		≤0.15	≤0.20
	96	1.1	84	BDL		BDL
	1	5.6	26	≤0.14		5.6
Saline	24	1.9	37		BDL	BDL	≤0.22	≤0.16
	96	3.5	73	BDL
	1	2.7	14	≤0.32
Gamble’s	24	1.9	28		BDL	BDL	≤0.13	≤0.17
	96	7.1	78	BDL