Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Triethylene Glycol and Tetraethylene Glycol by Ditelluratoargentate (III) in Alkaline Medium

Abstract

The kinetics of oxidation of triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol by ditelluratoargentate (III) (DTA) in alkaline liquids has been studied spectrophotometrically in the temperature range of 293.2 K–313.2 K. The reaction rate showed first-order dependence in DTA and fractional order with respect to triethylene glycol or tetraethylene glycol. It was found that the pseudo-first-order rate constant (𝑘_obs) increased with an increase in concentration of OH⁻ and a decrease in concentration of H₄TeO₆₂₋. There was a negative salt effect and no free radicals were detected. A plausible mechanism involving a two-electron transfer was proposed, and the rate equations derived from the mechanism explained all the experimental results and observations. The activation parameters along with the rate constants of the rate-determining step were calculated.

1. Introduction

Recently, many researchers from many countries are interested in the study of the highest oxidation state of transition metals which in a higher oxidation state generally can be stabilized by chelation with suitable polydentate ligands. Metal chelates, such as diperiodatoargentate (III) [1], ditelluratoargentate (III) [2], ditelluratocuprate (III) [3], and diperiodatonickelate (IV) [4], are good oxidants in a medium with an appropriate pH. The oxidation of a number of organic compounds and metals in lower oxidation state by Ag(III) has also been performed [5, 6]. The research is focus on the kinetics of oxidation of small molecules by DTA. In this paper, the mechanism of the oxidation of triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol by DTA is reported. Both of triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol which serve as thinners, solvent, and dispersant, are used in coatings, inks, printing, dyeing, pesticide, cellulose and acrylic acid industry, and so forth. In addition, they also can be used as fuel antifreeze, cleaning agents, the extractant, nonferrous metal dressing agent and organic synthetic materials, and so forth.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

All of the reagents used were AR grade. All of solutions were prepared with doubly distilled water. Solution of DTA was prepared and standardized by the method reported earlier [7]. Its UV spectrum was found to be consistent with that reported. The concentration of DTA was derived from its absorption at 𝜆=351 nm. The solution of DTA was prepared with double-distilled water before using. The ionic strength 𝜇 was maintained by adding the solution of KNO₃, and the pH of the reaction mixture was regulated with the solution of KOH. The kinetic measurements were performed on a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (TU-1900, Beijing Puxi Inc., China), which had a cellholder kept at a constant temperature (±0.1°C) by circulating water from a thermostat (DC-2010, Baoding, China). None of the other species absorbed significantly at this wavelength.

2.2. Kinetics Measurements and Product Analysis

All kinetics measurements were carried out under pseudo-first-order conditions. A solution of Ag(III), OH⁻, and H₄TeO₆₂₋ with known concentrations was mixed with an excess of reductants. The complete fading of DTA color (reddish brown) marked the completion of the reaction. The product of oxidation was identified as ketone by its characteristic spot test [8].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Evaluation of Pseudo-First-Order Rate Constants

Under the conditions of [reductant]₀≫[Ag(III)]₀, the plots of ln(𝐴_𝑡−𝐴_∞)versus time were straight lines, indicating the reaction is first order with respect to [Ag(III)], where 𝐴_𝑡 and 𝐴_∞ are the absorbance at time t and at infinite time, respectively. The pseudo-first-order rate constants 𝑘_obs were calculated by the method of least squares (𝑟≥0.999). The values of 𝑘_obs were the average values of at least three independent experiments. The reproducibility was within ±5%.

3.2. Rate Dependence on the [Reductant]

At fixed concentration of Ag(III), OH⁻, H₄TeO₆₂₋, and ionic strength 𝜇, the values of 𝑘_obs were determined at different temperatures. The plots of ln𝑘_obs versus ln[reductant] were linear (𝑟≥0.999), and from the slope of such plots, the order with respect to reductant was found to be fractional. The plots of [reductant]/𝑘_obs versus [reductant] were straight lines at different temperatures (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1 

Plots of [triethylene glycol]/𝑘obs versus [triethylene glycol] (𝑟≥0.999) [Ag(III)] = 5.21×10−4 mol·L−1, [OH−] = 1.00×10−2 mol·L−1, [H4TeO62−] = 1.00×10−3 mol·L−1, μ = 3.80×10−2 mol·L−1.

Figure 2 

Plots of [tetraethylene glycol]/𝑘obs versus [tetraethylene glycol] (𝑟≥0.999) [Ag(III)] = 5.21×10−4 mol·L−1, [OH−] = 1.00×10−2 mol·L−1, [H4TeO62−] = 1.00×10−3 mol·L−1, μ = 3.80×10−2 mol·L−1.

3.3. Rate Dependence on the [OH⁻]

At fixed concentrations of Ag(III), H₄TeO₆₂₋, reductant, ionic strength μ, and temperature (298.2 K), the values of 𝑘_obs increased with increasing concentration of OH⁻. The order with respect to [OH⁻] was fractional, and the plot of 1/𝑘_obs versus 1/[OH⁻] was linear (Figure 3).

Figure 3 

Plots of 1/𝑘obs versus 1/[OH−] at 298.2 K (𝑟≥0.999) [Ag(III)] = 5.21×10−4 mol·L−1, [H4TeO62−] = 1.00×10−3 mol·L−1, μ = μ = 3.80×10−2 mol·L−1. (1) [Triethylene glycol] = 3.00×10−2 mol·L−1. (2) [Tetraethylene glycol] = 3.00×10−2 mol·L−1.

3.4. Rate Dependence on the [H₄TeO₆₂⁻]

At constant [Ag(III)], [reductant], [OH⁻], μ, and temperature (298.2 K), the experimental results indicated that 𝑘_obs decreased while the [H₄TeO₆₂₋]increased. The order with respect to H₄TeO₆₂₋ was derived to be an inverse fraction, which revealed that H₄TeO₆₂₋ was produced in equilibrium before the rate-determining step. A plot of 1/𝑘_obs versus [H₄TeO₆₂₋] was a straight line (Figure 4).

Figure 4 

Plots of 1/𝑘obs versus 102[H4TeO62−] at 298.2 K(𝑟≥0.999) [Ag(III)] = 5.21×10−4 mol·L−1, [OH−] = 1.00×10−2 mol·L−1, μ = 3.80×10−2 mol·L−1, (1) [triethylene glycol] = 3.00×10−2 mol·L−1. (2) [Tetraethylene glycol] = 3.00×10−2 mol·L−1.

3.5. Rate Dependence on the Ionic Strength

With other conditions fixed, the reaction rate was decreased by the addition of KNO₃ solution (Table 1), which indicated there was negative salt effect which was consistent with the common regulation of the kinetics [9].

Table 1 

Rate dependence on ionic strength μ.

3.6. Reaction Mechanism

In an alkaline medium, the electric dissociation equilibrium of telluric acid was given earlier (pK_w=14):HH₅TeO₆₋+OH⁻⇌H₄TeO₆₂₋+H₂Olg𝛽1=3.049,(1)₄TeO₆₋₂+OH⁻⇌H₃TeO₆₋₃+H₂Olg𝛽2=−1.(2) The distribution of all species of tellurate in aqueous alkaline solution can be calculated from (1) and (2). In the alkaline medium, [OH⁻] = 0.01 mol·L⁻¹, the equation can be calculated: [H₄TeO₆₂₋]:[H₅TeO₆₋] :[H₃TeO₆₃₋]= 1000 : 89 : 1; in the concentration range of OH⁻ used in this work, the H₅TeO⁶⁻ and H₃TeO₆₃₋ species can be neglected and the main tellurate species is H₄TeO₆₂₋. According to the literature [10], the main DTA species is [Ag(H₄TeO₆)₂]⁻ over the experimental concentration range of [OH⁻].

According to the above experimental facts, the following reaction mechanism is proposed: AgH₄TeO₆₂⁻+OH^−𝐾₁Ag⇌H₃AgH₃TeO₆+H₄TeO₆₂₋+H₂O,(3)TeO₆+HOCH₂RCH₂OH_𝐾2Ag⇌H₃AgH₃TeO₆HOCH₂RCH₂OH,(4)TeO₆HOCH₂RCH₂OH_𝑘⟶_slowAg(I)+HOCH₂RCHO.(5) Reactions (3) and (4) are dissociation and coordination equilibrium, the reaction rates of which are generally fast, reaction (5) is an electron-transfer reaction, the reaction rates of which are generally slow. Hence, reaction (5) is the rate-determining step:−dAg(III)_𝑡d𝑡=𝑘AgH³TeO₆HOCH₂RCH₂OH.(6) [Ag(III)]_t stands for any form of Ag(III) complex which exists in the equilibrium and R′ stands for both of the reductants:−dAg(III)_𝑡=d𝑡𝑘𝐾₁𝐾₂R^[OH⁻]𝐾₁𝐾₂R^[OH⁻]+𝐾₁[OH⁻]+H₄TeO₆₂₋Ag(III)^𝑡=𝑘_obsAg(III)_𝑡,(7)𝑘_obs=𝑘𝐾¹𝐾₂R^[OH⁻]𝐾₁𝐾₂R^[OH⁻]+𝐾₁[OH⁻]+H₄TeO₆₂₋.(8) Rearranging (8) leads to the following:R^𝑘_obs=R^𝑘+H⁴TeO₆₂₋+𝐾₁[OH⁻]𝑘𝐾₁𝐾₂[OH⁻],(9)1𝑘_obs=1+𝐾²R^𝑘𝐾₂R^+H⁴TeO₆₂₋𝑘𝐾₁𝐾₂R^[OH1⁻].(10) From (9), the plots of [R′]/𝑘_obs versus [R′] are straight lines, and the rate constants of the rate-determining step at different temperatures are obtained from the slope of the straight line. Equation (10) indicates that the plots of 1/𝑘_obs versus 1/[OH⁻] and 1/𝑘_obs versus [H₄TeO₆₂₋] are straight lines. Activation energy and the thermodynamic parameters are evaluated by the method given earlier (Table 2).

Table 2 

Rate constants (𝑘) and activation parameters of the rate-determining step (𝑇=298.2K).

4. Conclusion

Based on the former discussion and results, we can know that the rate constants of the rate-determining step and the activation parameters for triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol are contiguous. Both of triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol form the same intermediate compounds with Ag(III), and the rate of tetraethylene glycol is a little quicker than that of triethylene glycol. The reason is that the electron-donating ability of tetraethylene glycol is larger than that of triethylene glycol. The transition complex formation between tetraethylene glycol and DTA is more stable than that of triethylene glycol.