Preconcentration of Copper Using 1,5-Diphenyl Carbazide as the Complexing Agent via Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Table 1

Comparison of DLLME with other extraction methods for determination of copper in water samples.

Method	LOD^a (μg L^−1)	R.S.D.^b (%)	PF^c	Sample volume (mL)	Reference
Online SPE-FAAS	3	3.3	16	13.6	[11]
SPE-FAAS	5.2	2.6	2	10	[12]
Online SPE-FAAS	10	3.4	16	4	[13]
CPE-spectrophotometry	5	2.8	22^d	25	[14]
SPE-FAAS	3	<5	20	250	[15]
SPE-FAAS	3.9	4.3	10	100	[16]
SPE-FAAS	2.5	3.3	25	50	[17]
DLLME-FAAS	2	2.5	25	5	Present work

SPE: solid phase extraction, FAAS: flame atomic absorption spectrometry, CPE: cloud point extraction, ^aLimit of detection, ^bRelative standard deviation, ^cPreconcentration factor, ^dEnhancement factor.