Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) Essential Oils and Phenolics
Table 3
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and phenolic composition in % (w/w) and quantity (µg/g DW) of methanol extracts of the aerial parts of wormwood (A. absinthium L.).
Compound
Collection region
df
Bou Salem
Kairouan
Jérissa
Boukornine
µg/g DW
%
µg/g DW
%
µg/g DW
%
µg/g DW
%
Phenolic acids
Tannic acid
0.37 ± 0.04D
1.32 ± 0.11d
0.73 ± 0.08C
4.59 ± 0.51b
33.4 ± 3.45A
37.92 ± 4.02a
1.99 ± 2.01B
4.13 ± 0.44c
3
202865.9
0.000***
Gallic acid
0.38 ± 0.04D
1.36 ± 0.12c
0.41 ± 0.03C
2.58 ± 0.26b
4.75 ± 0.55A
5.39 ± 0.61a
0.63 ± 0.07B
1.31 ± 0.11d
3
29258.13
0.000***
Chlorogenic acid hemihydrate
3.36 ± 0.42A
11.99 ± 1.32a
1.49 ± 0.16C
9.37 ± 0.98b
2.33 ± 0.31B
2.65 ± 0.31c
0.81 ± 0.09D
1.68 ± 0.17d
3
89891.62
0.000***
Caffeic acid
nd
nd
1.52 ± 0.16A
9.55 ± 0.99a
1.43 ± 0.13B
1.62 ± 0.14b
nd
nd
3
86392.66
0.000***
Vanillic acid
0.47 ± 0.05B
1.68 ± 0.15b
0.94 ± 0.08A
5.91 ± 0.66a
nd
Nd
nd
nd
3
186787.8
0.000***
Syringic acid
nd
nd
nd
nd
1.26 ± 0.14
1.43 ± 0.12
nd
nd
3
6816.33
0.000***
Ferulic acid
0.35 ± 0.04D
1.25 ± 0.11d
0.68 ± 0.07B
4.27 ± 0.44a
1.17 ± 0.15A
1.33 ± 0.10c
0.65 ± 0.07C
1.35 ± 0.12b
3
4175.74
0.000***
p-Coumaric acid
3.06 ± 0.41A
10.92 ± 1.23a
0.55 ± 0.06D
3.46 ± 0.41b
2.17 ± 0.23B
2.46 ± 0.25c
0.59 ± 0.06C
1.22 ± 0.11d
3
47680.92
0.000***
Rosmarinic acid
0.91 ± 0.08C
3.25 ± 0.41a
0.33 ± 0.04D
2.07 ± 0.22d
2.52 ± 0.26A
2.86 ± 0.30b
1.30 ± 0.14B
2.70 ± 0.28c
3
217.56
0.000***
trans-Cinnamic acid
0.90 ± 0.08C
3.21 ± 0.34c
0.60 ± 0.05D
3.77 ± 0.36a
2.35 ± 0.25A
2.67 ± 0.24d
1.69 ± 0.17B
3.50 ± 0.36b
3
10.60
0.003**
Total
9.80 ± 0.88B
34.96 ± 3.56c
7.25 ± 0.81D
45.57 ± 5.23b
51.38 ± 4.36A
58.33 ± 6.21a
7.66 ± 0.80C
15.88 ± 1.66d
Flavanols
Catechin
0.26 ± 0.03C
0.93 ± 0.08c
0.50 ± 0.04B
3.14 ± 0.44b
4.57 ± 0.50A
5.19 ± 0.56a
nd
nd
3
5899.52
0.000***
Epicatechin
0.67 ± 0.08
2.39 ± 0.24
nd
nd
nd
Nd
nd
nd
3
171363.0
0.000***
Total
0.93 ± 0.08B
3.32 ± 0.35b
0.50 ± 0.06C
3.14 ± 0.29c
4.57 ± 0.52A
5.19 ± 0.62a
nd
nd
Flavanones
Naringenin
1.20 ± 0.11C
4.28 ± 0.51b
1.15 ± 0.12D
7.23 ± 0.77a
2.11 ± 0.22A
2.40 ± 0.25d
1.31 ± 0.14B
2.72 ± 0.28c
3
361.42
0.000***
Total
1.20 ± 0.10C
4.28 ± 0.45b
1.15 ± 0.10D
7.23 ± 0.77a
2.11 ± 0.23A
2.40 ± 0.26d
1.31 ± 0.12B
2.72 ± 0.28c
Flavonols
Myristin
0.87 ± 0.09C
3.10 ± 0.33d
0.59 ± 0.06D
3.71 ± 0.36c
3.45 ± 0.41A
3.92 ± 0.41b
3.04 ± 0.40B
6.30 ± 0.74a
3
235.83
0.000***
Quercetin dihydrate
0.94 ± 0.08C
3.35 ± 0.35a
0.33 ± 0.04D
2.07 ± 0.22b
1.06 ± 0.10B
1.20 ± 0.13c
1.61 ± 0.17A
3.34 ± 0.36a
3
296.86
0.000***
Campherol
0.57 ± 0.06D
2.03 ± 0.25c
1.26 ± 0.13C
7.92 ± 0.84a
1.35 ± 0.14B
1.53 ± 0.16d
1.55 ± 0.16A
3.21 ± 0.34b
3
44423.09
0.000***
Total
2.38 ± 0.24C
8.49 ± 0.99c
2.18 ± 0.22D
13.70 ± 1.45a
5.86 ± 0.66B
6.65 ± 0.76d
6.20 ± 0.65A
12.86 ± 1.42b
Flavones
Apigenin
1.40 ± 0.13C
4.99 ± 0.52b
0.41 ± 0.05D
2.58 ± 0.26d
2.78 ± 0.29B
3.16 ± 0.41c
2.96 ± 0.33A
6.14 ± 0.72a
3
12947.96
0.000***
Flavone
5.45 ± 0.61C
19.44 ± 2.36b
1.89 ± 0.17D
11.88 ± 2.11c
6.01 ± 0.59B
6.82 ± 0.73d
15.66 ± 1.72A
32.47 ± 4.23a
3
533454.7
0.000***
Total
7.38 ± 0.88C
26.33 ± 2.77b
2.30 ± 0.22D
14.46 ± 1.66c
8.79 ± 0.99B
9.98 ± 1.23d
18.62 ± 2.01A
38.61 ± 4.13a
Coumarins
Coumarin
4.59 ± 0.51B
16.38 ± 1.78b
1.67 ± 0.17C
10.50 ± 1.56d
13.34 ± 1.14A
15.15 ± 1.79c
13.31 ± 1.51A
27.60 ± 2.86a
3
618.87
0.000***
Total
4.59 ± 0.55B
16.38 ± 1.88b
1.67 ± 0.18C
10.50 ± 1.23d
13.34 ± 1.62A
15.15 ± 1.62c
13.31 ± 1.43A
27.60 ± 2.97a
Total
28.03 ± 3.12C
100 ± 9.23a
15.91 ± 1.65D
100 ± 8.46a
88.08 ± 7.59A
100 ± 9.87a
48.23 ± 5.21B
100 ± 8.99a
The values of the levels and percentages of phenolic compounds represent the average of three replicates ( = 3); nd: not detected. Letters (a–d (lower case): between percentages and A–D (capital letters) between amounts) indicate significant differences at . ***Significant effect at . df: degree of freedom, : Fisher value, and : probability.