Carotenoids Functionality, Sources, and Processing by Supercritical Technology: A Review

Table 1

Information about recent studies focusing on the supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids from natural materials.

Raw material	Solvent applied	Pressure and temperature applied	Carotenoid of interest	Reference
Buriti (M. flexuosa) pulp	Carbon dioxide	20 and 30 MPa, 40 and 55°C	β-Carotene	[14]
C. vulgaris	Carbon dioxide	15 and 35 MPa, 40 and 55°C	Canthaxanthin and astaxanthin	[15]
C. vulgaris, D. salina, and A. maxima	Carbon dioxide	10–35 MPa, 40 and 60°C	Total carotenoid content, β-carotene	[16]
Nannochloropsis gaditana	Carbon dioxide	10–50 MPa, 40–60°C	Total carotenoid content	[17]
Synechococcus sp.	Carbon dioxide	10–50 MPa, 40–60°C	Total carotenoid content	[18]
Rose fruit (R. canina)	Carbon dioxide	15–45 MPa, 40–80°C	Total carotenoid content, lycopene, β-carotene, and lutein	[19]
Pitanga fruit (E. uniflora L.)	Carbon dioxide	10–40 MPa, 40 and 60°C	Total carotenoid content, lycopene, rubixanthin and β-cryptoxanthin	[20]
Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) aril	Carbon dioxide	20 MPa, 50°C	β-carotene, lycopene	[21]
Peach palm pulp (Bactrisgasipaes)	Carbon dioxide	10–30 MPa, 40–60°C	Total carotenoid content	[22]
Japanese algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Undaria pinnatifida)	Dimethyl ether	20–50 MPa, 40–80°C	Fucoxanthin	[23]
Phaffia rhodozyma	Carbon dioxide + ethanol	10.2–50 MPa, 40–80°C	Total carotenoid content, astaxanthin	[24]
Frozen watermelon	Carbon dioxide + ethanol	20.7–41.4 MPa, 70–90°C	Lycopene	[25]
Crustaceans	Carbon dioxide + ethanol	20–35 MPa, 40–60°C	Astaxanthin	[26]
Nannochloropsis oculata	Carbon dioxide + ethanol	35 MPa, 50°C	Total carotenoid content	[27]
Tomato	Carbon dioxide + several vegetal oils	33.5–45 MPa, 45–70°C	Lycopene	[28]
Carrot	Carbon dioxide + canola oil	27.6–55.1 MPa, 40–70°C	Total carotenoid content, α- and β-carotene, and lutein	[29]
Haematococcus pluvialis	Carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide + ethanol, and carbon dioxide + vegetal oils	40 MPa, 70°C	Astaxanthin	[30]
Pink shrimp (P. paulensis and P. paulensis) processing waste	Carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide + hexane/isopropanol mixture, and carbon dioxide + sunflower oil	10–30 MPa, 40 and 60°C	Total carotenoid content, carotenoid profile, and astaxanthin	[31]
Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima)	Carbon dioxide + ethanol, water and/or olive oil	25 MPa, 50 and 80°C	Total carotenoid content, carotenoid profile	[32]