Variations of the Physicochemical Parameters and Metal Levels and Their Risk Assessment in Urbanized Bagmati River, Kathmandu, Nepal

Table 3

Variation of average concentration (expressed in µg/L) of the elements in three sections of the Bagmati River basin within the Kathmandu Valley.

	Detection limit	Headwater				Semiurban				Urban
		Max	Min	Mean	SD	Max	Min	Mean	SD	Max	Min	Mean	SD
Li	0.024	1.98	0.47	0.98	0.50	2.35	0.28	1.18	0.62	3.00	0.60	1.66	0.72
Be	0.004	0.05	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.06	0.00	0.03	0.02	0.06	0.00	0.03	0.02
Sc	0.012	6.29	2.63	4.68	1.05	7.49	1.68	4.52	1.71	7.99	1.83	5.37	2.01
Ti	0.064	8.02	1.59	5.13	2.07	29.00	2.00	11.29	7.95	39.90	7.03	21.64	10.70
V	0.007	1.83	0.28	1.21	0.55	3.74	0.26	1.28	1.05	2.50	0.65	1.63	0.58
Mn	0.005	29.60	0.52	11.05	10.54	257.00	23.00	95.97	77.66	233.00	70.50	158.71	56.58
Cr	0.03	4.99	0.75	2.90	1.41	20.90	0.63	8.67	8.01	29.80	1.00	17.27	8.98
Co	0.008	0.22	0.04	0.12	0.06	0.73	0.18	0.42	0.20	0.86	0.28	0.58	0.19
Ni	0.017	0.52	0.02	0.29	0.20	2.63	0.33	1.20	0.75	4.13	0.93	2.18	1.06
Cu	0.079	3.60	0.18	1.25	1.25	20.80	0.58	3.96	6.38	36.60	1.27	11.29	9.10
Zn	0.034	13.60	4.14	6.51	3.33	40.90	6.02	12.71	10.74	96.70	7.13	37.05	25.25
Ga	0.003	0.08	0.01	0.04	0.02	0.17	0.03	0.08	0.04	0.24	0.06	0.13	0.05
Rb	0.005	3.09	0.51	1.85	0.89	31.60	1.65	9.58	9.52	48.70	6.20	22.98	15.55
Y	0.0002	0.28	0.01	0.14	0.10	0.42	0.02	0.20	0.13	0.58	0.11	0.29	0.14
Nb	0.002	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.08	0.00	0.02	0.02	0.09	0.01	0.04	0.02
Mo	0.002	0.16	0.04	0.09	0.04	0.68	0.06	0.26	0.22	1.17	0.19	0.49	0.29
Cd	0.003	0.02	0.00	0.01	0.01	1.21	0.00	0.20	0.43	2.42	0.02	0.38	0.62