One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Thiourea Derivatives in Cyclotriphosphazenes Moieties

Ngaini, Zainab; Wan Zulkiplee, Wan Sharifatun Handayani; Abd Halim, Ainaa Nadiah

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1509129

Journal of Chemistry

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 1509129 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1509129

One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Thiourea Derivatives in Cyclotriphosphazenes Moieties

Zainab Ngaini,¹Wan Sharifatun Handayani Wan Zulkiplee,²and Ainaa Nadiah Abd Halim¹

Academic Editor: Liviu Mitu

Received15 Mar 2017

Revised21 Apr 2017

Accepted23 Apr 2017

Published03 Jul 2017

Abstract

In this study, hexasubstituted thiourea was carried out via reaction of isothiocyanato cyclophosphazene intermediates with a series of aromatics amines and amino acids in a one-pot reaction system. The reaction was not as straightforward as typical thiourea synthesis. Six unexpected thiourea derivatives 3a–f were formed in the presence of cyclotriphosphazene moieties in good yields (53–82%). The structures of 3a–f were characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR, ¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P NMR spectroscopies. The occurrence of reverse thioureas formation in a one-pot reaction system is discussed. The possible binding interaction of the synthesised thiourea 3a-b in comparison to the predicted phenyl thiourea 5a-b and the targeted 4a with enzyme enoyl ACP reductase (FabI) is also discussed. Molecular docking of the targeted hexasubstituted thiourea 4a is able to give higher binding affinity of −7.5 kcal/mol compared to 5a-b (−5.9 kcal/mol and −6.3 kcal/mol) and thiourea 3a-b (−4.5 kcal/mol and −4.7 Kcal/mol).

1. Introduction

Thiourea is widely studied and claimed to be used in many applications such as herbicides, pharmaceutical agents, pesticides, rodenticides, vulcanization accelerator, and scaffolds in organic synthesis [1]. In the synthesis of thiourea, isothiocyanate is formed as a reactive intermediate and easily converted to other side product during isolation [2]. Many studies reported on the direct reaction of isothiocyanate intermediate with amines after isolation of KCl to produce thiourea in good purity [3].

Several studies reported on monosubstituted thiourea which consists of one thiourea moiety either as a ligand bearing aromatic, halogen, or alkyl substituents [4] or as a complex compound coordinated with heavy metal center [5]. Multisubstituted thioureas have gained more interest among researchers due to the increase of their pharmaceutical properties. Our recent studies on thiourea reported that compounds that consist of more than one thiourea moiety possess better antimicrobial activities [6–8]. It was due to the presence of more active sites of thiourea moieties containing C=S, C=O, and N-H groups, which are easily protonated under acidic condition and interacted with the carboxyl and phosphate groups of the bacterial surfaces, thus enhancing the biological activities [7]. Various methods have been reported to make this versatile group of thiourea derivatives easily accessible with excellent yields [2, 9–12].

Hexakisphosphazenes bearing thioureas moieties have been reported from the stepwise reaction of the isolated isothiocyanate intermediates with a series of aliphatic amines via P-Cl substitution of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene [13]. Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, a cyclic inorganic compound with alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atoms, has sparked great interest among researchers for an excellent candidate in constructing hexasubstituted molecules [14, 15]. The substitution of P-Cl bonds with various types of nucleophiles allowed the construction of phosphazenes-based ligands with different types of physical and chemical properties [16]. A wide range of hexasubstituted phosphazene derivatives with various substituents such as hydroxyl, amino, and many other functional groups had been reported [13, 15, 16].

To the best of our knowledge, no studies reported on the synthesis of hexasubstituted thiourea onto cyclotriphosphazene moieties bearing six units of amino acid or aromatic amines. Our previous studies reported on thiourea bearing aromatic amine with excellent antibacterial properties [6, 17]. In continuation to our previous work, in this article, we report on the synthesis of thiourea compounds with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene as a hexasubstituted precursor in a typical one-pot reaction system [11]. The plausible mechanism which leads to the unexpected final products is discussed. The binding interaction of the synthesised thiourea via molecular docking interaction in comparison to predicted phenyl thiourea and the targeted compound with enzyme enoyl ACP reductase (FabI) is also thoroughly discussed.

2. Materials and Methods

Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (99%) was purchased from Aldrich. Potassium thiocyanate, aniline, ρ-toluidine, ρ–anisidine, glycine, L-alanine, and L-phenyl alanine were obtained from Merck and used without purification. Acetone was distilled over magnesium sulphate anhydrous. All other reagents and solvent were used as received.

Physical Measurement. Melting points were determined by the open tube capillary method and were uncorrected. Infrared spectra (/cm⁻¹) were recorded as KBr pellets on a Perkin Elmer 1605 FTIR spectrophotometer. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL ECA 500 spectrometer at 500 MHz (¹H) and 125 MHz (¹³C), respectively, with the chemical shifts (ppm) being reported relative to DMSO-d₆ as standard. The chemical shifts for ³¹P NMR are relative to the internal standard of 85% phosphoric acid. CHNS microanalyses were performed by use of a FLASHEA 1112 CHNS analyser.

2.1. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 3a–f

A mixture of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (0.35 g, 1.0 mmol) in dry acetone (15.0 mL) was added dropwise into a solution of potassium thiocyanate (0.87 g, 9.0 mmol) in dry acetone (15.0 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature to form intermediate 2. The white potassium chloride (KCl) was filtered. The filtrate was added to amine (6.0 mmol) in dry acetone (15.0 mL) and heated under reflux for 18 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuum to form a yellowish powder. The crude was recrystallized in EtOH : CH₃CN (1 : 1). The general procedure for the preparation of 3a–f utilised a different type of amines (g, mmol) and yields as follows.

Phenylthiourea (3a) [18]. Aniline (565.0 μL, 6 mmol). (73% yield) as a white crystal, m.p: 153.2–153.5°C (lit [18] 163°C).

p-Tolylthiourea (3b) [19]. p-Toluidine (0.643 g, 6 mmol). (82% yield) as a white crystal, m.p: 167.8–168.8°C (lit [19] 182–186°C).

(4-Methoxyphenyl) Thiourea (3c) [18]. p-Anisidine (0.739 g, 6 mmol). (68% yield) as grey powder, m.p: 172.4–173.2°C (lit [18] 193°C).

2-(Carbamothioylamino) Acetic Acid (3d) [20]. Glycine (0.451 g, 6 mmol). (53% yield) as a yellowish powder, m.p: 133.1–134.5°C (lit [20] 176–179°C).

2-(Carbamothioylamino) Propanoic Acid (3e). L-alanine (0.534 g, 6 mmol). (62% yield) as a yellow powder, m.p: 138.8–139.5°C; (KBr/cm⁻¹) 3229 (OH) 3010 (NH), 2968 (CH), 1698 (COOH) 1226 (C=S). (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 1.59 (3H, d, J = 6.8, CH₃), 5.10 (1H, q, CH), 10.11 (2H, s, NH₂), 10.54 (1H, s, NH). (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 17.0 (CH₃), 61.9 (CH), 173.5 (COOH), 180.6 (C=S). Calculated for C₄H₈N₂O₂S: C, 32.40; H, 5.40; N, 18.90; S, 21.60%, found C, 31.74; H, 4.98; N, 18.79; S, 21.64%.

2-(Carbamothioylamino)-3-phenyl-propanoic Acid (3f). L-phenyl alanine (0.990 g, 6 mmol). (61% yield) as a yellow crystal, m.p: 198.3–198.9°C; (KBr/cm⁻¹) 3172 (OH) 3100 (NH), 2911 (CH), 1740 (COOH) 1452 (Ar-C), 1249 (C=S). (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 3.89 (2H, d, J = 13.8, CH₂), 5.42 (1H, q, CH) 7.05 (2H, d, J = 6.3, Ar-H), 7.28 (3H, m, Ar-H), 10.19 (2H, s, NH₂), 10.63 (1H, s, NH). (125 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 35.9 (CH₂), 67.0 (CH), 127.8, 128.9, 129.8, 134.5 (Ar-C), 172.5 (COOH), 179.9 (C=S). Calculated for C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₂S: C, 53.60; H, 5.40; N, 12.50; S, 14.30%, found: C, 53.35; H, 5.31; N, 12.17; S, 14.02%.

2.2. Antibacterial Screening

Antibacterial activities of 3a–f were analysed against E. coli (ATCC 8739) using the turbidimetric kinetic method. The Gram-negative E. coli were cultured on a Luria-Bertani plate agar at 37°C. Then a colony of the inoculums was transferred and allowed to grow in media containing nutrient broth at 37°C with permanent stirring at 250 rpm for overnight. 0.2 mL of inoculums was inoculated with 10 mL of culture medium that has been added with increasing concentration of synthesised compounds dissolved in DMSO. The mixture was shaken at 180 rpm at 37°C. The negative control was medium broth of inoculums with solvent. The aliquots of each replicate were taken on every 1 h interval for 6 h. The transmittance () was recorded using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Optima SP-300. The antibacterial activity was determined by plotting a graph of versus time. The value represents the number of colony forming units/mL which followed the expression of [21].

2.3. Molecular Docking

Molecular docking studies on the series of 3a-b, 4a, and 5a-b were carried out using AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 program [22]. The polar hydrogens of the synthesised compounds and protein were added with AutoDock Tools 1.5.6 [23] before docking using Auto-Dock Vina program. In Auto-Dock Vina program, the cubic grid box of 60°A sizes (, , and ) with a spacing of 0.375°A was centered to the active site of the protein. The X-ray crystal structure of the enzyme enoyl ACP reductase (FabI) of E. coli (PDB entry: 1C14) was obtained from Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do) [7, 24].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Chemistry

The synthesis of the proposed hexasubstituted thioureas 4a–f was prepared via reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with potassium thiocyanate to form isothiocyanates phosphazene intermediates, followed by typical thiourea reaction with a series of amines derivatives in a one-pot reaction system. All compounds were subjected to IR spectroscopy and showed the disappearance of (NCS) at 2140–1990 cm⁻¹ and the formation of (N-H) at 3276–3010 cm⁻¹. The formation of thiourea was evidenced by the strong absorption peak at 1265–1227 cm⁻¹ corresponding to (C=S) which shifted to the lower frequency due to the attachment of more electronegative nitrogen atoms [25]. The absorbance peak attributed to the formation of (P=N) asymmetric vibration at 1400–1200 cm⁻¹ [26, 27] but, however, was not observed. This phenomenon was also transpired in ³¹P NMR spectra where no phosphorus moieties were present.

Further characterization of the synthesised compounds via ¹H NMR showed the presence of thiourea (-NHCSNH-) represented by two NH peaks at 9.80–9.30 ppm and 3.33–3.30 ppm. The higher resonance of NH peaks in 3d–f at 10.84–10.53 ppm and 10.18–10.01 ppm was due to downfield effect resulting from the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydrogen atom from thiourea moieties with oxygen atom from the carboxylic acid group [5]. ¹³C NMR spectra of compound 3a–f showed good agreement with the corresponded structures with the presence of C=S peak at 181.2–180.9 ppm [28–30].

Elemental analysis of the synthesised compounds afforded low carbon percentage in each compound which indicated the formation of 3a–f. Based on the IR, ¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P NMR spectra, it was suggested that 3a–f were synthesised in one-pot reaction system and not the targeted molecule 4a–f (Scheme 1).

The presence of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene in a one-pot reaction system is envisaged, not only forming isothiocyanate intermediate 2 via P-Cl substitution but also generating Cl⁻ from the partially soluble KCl in acetone [31]. The free chlorine ions deprotonate amines in the reaction system and form HCl and anionic amines, which in turn reacted with hydrogen thiocyanate [18] and formed 3a–f. The plausible mechanism for the formation of 3a–f is shown in Scheme 2.

3.2. Antibacterial Activity

Compounds 3a–f were further investigated for antibacterial activities by plotting the graph of versus time. Compounds 3a–f were examined at the concentration of 50 ppm, 80 ppm, and 100 ppm against wild-type E coli at 37°C. The result indicated that compounds 3a–f showed poor inhibition against E. coli. The MIC graph for compounds 3a–f as shown in Figure 1 was determined by extrapolating the concentration at the zero-growth rate of E. coli (μ = 0) [32]. The MIC values for all compounds 3a–f were observed to exceed 220 ppm. Compounds with MIC value up to 400 ppm are considered to have inhibition activity against growth of Gram-negative bacteria, but only compounds with MIC value smaller than 220 ppm can be suggested for clinical purposes [33].

Like other typical Gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall of E. coli is made up from thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane constituted of lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and phospholipids [34]. In view of this, the large molecular weight compound is required to coat the cell surface and prevent the leakage of intercellular components of the bacteria [32].

3.3. Molecular Docking Design and Optimisation

For a better understanding of the interaction between thiourea derivatives and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, molecular docking studies were carried out and optimised by comparing 3a-b with the predicted phenyl thiourea 5a-b and the targeted 4a. The studies were carried out via molecular docking to the active site of the enzyme enoyl ACP reductase (FabI) of E. coli (PDB entry: 1C14) using AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 program [7, 22–24]. The compounds and binding interactions are shown in Table 1. The binding affinity of the compounds was evaluated based on binding free energies (, kcal/mol) [35].

The binding model of thiourea and the predicted phenyl thiourea 5a-b is depicted in Table 1. Compounds 3a-b showed binding free energy of −4.5 kcal/mol and −4.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Based on the importance properties of the aromatic group in earlier studies [6–8], the optimisation study via molecular docking was carried out to evaluate the binding free energy of 3a-b in comparison to the predicted phenyl thiourea 5a-b. The presence of another aromatic group in 5a-b demonstrated for a higher binding affinity with the free energy of −5.9 kcal/mol and −6.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The additional aromatic group in 5a-b is strongly bound to enzyme enoyl ACP reductase (FabI) of E. coli through - bond interactions (yellow colour cylindrical wireframe) with hydrophobic pockets of Phe 1251. The hydrophobic interaction between phenyl rings has increased the lipophilicity of the compound [7, 33]. The binding affinity of 5b is slightly higher than 5a due to the electron donating inductive effect of the substituted methyl group, which provides better interactions network with the active site residues [36]. The absence of aromatic ring was accountable for lesser binding affinity resulting in less activity in 3a-b [37].

Due to the importance of phenyl groups for a better binding affinity, it is noteworthy to analyse the significance of hexasubstituted thiourea moieties onto cyclotriphosphazene 4a. Based on Table 1, the presence of six thiourea moieties in 4a showed the highest binding affinity with a free energy of −7.5 kcal/mol. Apart from the - bond interactions with Phe 1251, 4a was observed to interact with the enzyme via two hydrogen bonds (green colour sphere). The NH groups in 4a are forming hydrogen bonding with C=O and NH of Ala 1152. The bonding provides specificity and stabilisation of binding between 4a and enzyme active site which consequently enhanced the binding affinity [38, 39]. Other basic residues such as Pro 1154, Ile 1153, Val 1213, Ala 1254, Hoh 2087, Hoh 2067, Arg 171, and Gly 242 were observed in the vicinity of compound 4a, which suggested that a strong electrostatic interaction was also involved in the binding process [40].

4. Conclusions

In summary, the thiourea derivatives 3a–f were unexpectedly synthesised from the reaction of amines with excess thiocyanates groups in a one-pot reaction system. The isolation of isothiocyanato cyclophosphazene intermediates could be the best method to give hexasubstituted thioureas. The formation of HCl in the reaction condition was envisaged to be responsible for the deprotonation of amines, thus reducing the possible formation of hexasubstituted thioureas. Biological activities of thiourea 3a–f showed poor inhibitions towards E. coli. Molecular docking interaction study thoroughly explained the binding interactions of the selected thiourea 3a-b compared to the binding affinity with the predicted 5a-b and the targeted 4a. Based on the molecular docking study, it can be concluded that the targeted hexasubstituted thiourea as in 4a is envisaged to give better binding affinity compared to monothiourea 3a–f.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and the Ministry of Higher Education for financial support through C09/SpSTG/1359/16/1 and FRGS/ST0l(0l)/1298/2015(15). They acknowledge Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia, for providing CHNS elemental analysis services.

References

P. K. Mohanta, S. Dhar, S. K. Samal, H. Ila, and H. Junjappa, “1-(Methyldithiocarbonyl)imidazole: A useful thiocarbonyl transfer reagent for synthesis of substituted thioureas,” Tetrahedron, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 629–637, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Sun, B. Li, J. Shao et al., “A general and facile one-pot process of isothiocyanates from amines under aqueous conditions,” Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 8, pp. 61–70, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Saeed, N. Abbas, H. Rafique, S. Rashid, and A. Hameed, “Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of some 1-aroyl-3-aryl thiourea,” Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 152–158, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
N. A. Nordin, T. W. Chai, B. L. Tan et al., “Novel synthetic monothiourea aspirin derivatives bearing alkylated amines as potential antimicrobial agents,” Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2017, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. K. Rauf, Imtiaz-ud-Din, A. Badshah et al., “Synthesis, structural characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-bacterial activity of some copper (I) complexes with N, N′-disubstituted thioureas,” Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, vol. 103, no. 8, pp. 1135–1144, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. S. H. Wan Zullkiplee, A. N. Abd Halim, Z. Ngaini, M. A. Mohd Ariff, and H. Hussain, “Bis-Thiourea bearing aryl and amino acids side chains and their antibacterial activities,” Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements, vol. 189, no. 6, pp. 832–838, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. N. Abd Halim and Z. Ngaini, “Synthesis and bacteriostatic activities of bis (thiourea) derivatives with variable chain length,” Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2016, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. S. H. Wan Zullkiplee, M. A. Mohd Ariff, H. Hussain, W. M. Khairul, and Z. Ngaini, “Bacteriostatic activities of N-substituted tris-thioureas bearing amino acid and aniline substituents,” Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements, pp. 1–5, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Fathalla, M. Čajan, J. Marek, and P. Pazdera, “One-pot quinazolin-4-yl-thiourea synthesis via N-(2-cyanophenyl)benzimidoyl isothiocyanate,” Molecules, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 588–602, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Azizi, A. Khajeh-Amiri, H. Ghafuri, and M. Bolourtchian, “Toward a practical and waste-free synthesis of thioureas in water,” Molecular Diversity, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 157–161, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Appalanaidu, T. Dadmal, N. Jagadeesh Babu, and R. M. Kumbhare, “An improved one-pot multicomponent strategy for the preparation of thiazoline, thiazolidinone and thiazolidinol scaffolds,” RSC Advances, vol. 5, no. 107, pp. 88063–88069, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Štrukil, M. D. Igrc, L. Fábián et al., “A model for a solvent-free synthetic organic research laboratory: Click-mechanosynthesis and structural characterization of thioureas without bulk solvents,” Green Chemistry, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 2462–2473, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. R. Allcock, J. S. Rutt, and M. Parvez, “Synthesis of cyclic phosphazenes with isothiocyanato, thiourethane, and thiourea side groups: X-ray crystal structure of N3P3(NMe2)3(NCS)3,” Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1776–1782, 1991.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Ngaini and N. I. A. Rahman, “Synthesis and characterization of chalconesubstituted phosphazenes,” Canadian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 88, no. 7, pp. 654–658, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Ngaini and N. I. A. Rahman, “Synthesis and characterization of cyclotriphosphazenes bearing chalcones derivatives,” Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements, vol. 185, no. 3, pp. 628–633, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. K. Voznicová, J. Taraba, J. Příhoda, and M. Alberti, “The synthesis and characterization of new aminoadamantane derivatives of hexachloro-cyclo-triphosphazene,” Polyhedron, vol. 27, no. 9-10, pp. 2077–2082, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Ngaini, M. A. Mohd Arif, H. Hussain, E. S. Mei, D. Tang, and D. H. A. Kamaluddin, “Synthesis and antibacterial activity of acetoxybenzoyl thioureas with aryl and amino acid side Chains,” Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements, vol. 187, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Venkatesh and S. N. Pandeya, “Synthesis, characterisation and anti-inflammatory activity of some 2-amino benzothiazole derivatives,” International Journal of ChemTech Research, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1354–1358, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
R. L. Smith and R. T. Williams, “The metabolism of arylthioureas - IV. p-chorophenyl- and p-tolyl-thiourea,” Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 147–162, 1961.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
National Center for Biotechnology Information, PubChem Compound Database, Apr 2017, CID = 3040094, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3040094.
N. B. Pappano, O. P. Centorbi, and F. H. Ferretti, “Determination of minimum concentration inhibitory chalcone derivatives,” Revise Microbiology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 183–188, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
O. Trott and A. J. Olson, “AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization and multithreading,” Journal of Computational Chemistry, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 455–461, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. M. Morris, H. Ruth, W. Lindstrom et al., “Software news and updates AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: automated docking with selective receptor flexibility,” Journal of Computational Chemistry, vol. 30, no. 16, pp. 2785–2791, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. George, M. B. Ramzeena, S. V. Ram, S. K. Selvaraj, S. Rajan, and T. K. Ravi, “Design, docking, synthesis and anti E. coli screening of novel thiadiazolo thiourea derivatives as possible inhibitors of enoyl ACP reductase (FabI) enzyme,” Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 49–53, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. K. Shao and J. X. Si, “Synthesis and herbicidal activity of N-(o-flourophenoxyacetyl) thiourea activities and related fused heterocyclic compound,” Arkivoc, vol. 10, pp. 63–68, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Moriya, T. Masuda, T. Suzuki, S. Yano, and M. Kajiwara, “Liquid crystalline phase transition in hexakis (4-(n-(41-alkoxyphenyl) iminomethyl) phenoxy) cyclotriphosphazene,” Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol. 318, no. 1, pp. 267–278, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Cil, M. Arslan, and A. O. Gorgulu, “Synthesis and characterisationof benzyl andbenzoyl substituted oxime-phosphazees,” Polyhedron, vol. 25, no. 18, pp. 3526–3532, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. G. Muccioli, J. Wouters, G. K. E. Scriba, W. Poppitz, J. H. Poupaert, and D. M. Lambert, “1-Benzhydryl-3-phenylurea and 1-benzhydryl-3-phenylthiourea derivatives: New templates among the CB1 cannabinoid receptor inverse agonists,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 48, no. 23, pp. 7486–7490, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y.-H. Shen and D.-J. Xu, “Phenylthiourea,” Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. o1193–o1194, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. S. Corrêa, O. Estévez-Hernández, J. Ellena, and J. Duque, “1-(2-Furoyl)-3-(o-tolyl)thiourea,” Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online, vol. 64, no. 8, p. o1414, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. R. Allcock, Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds: Cyclic, Linear, and High Polymeric Systems, Academic Press, Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, 1972.
M. De Los Angeles Alvarez, V. E. P. Zarelli, N. B. Pappano, and N. B. Debattista, “Bacteriostatic action of synthetic polyhydroxylated chalcones against Escherichia coli,” Biocell, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 31–34, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Arslan, N. Duran, G. Borekci, C. K. Ozer, and C. Akbay, “Antimicrobial activity of some thiourea derivatives and their nickel and copper complexes,” Molecules, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 519–527, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. L. Ramos, S. Marqués, and K. N. Timmis, “Transcriptional control of the Pseudomonas TOL plasmid catabolic operons is achieved through an interplay of host factors and plasmid-encoded regulators,” Annual Review of Microbiology, vol. 51, pp. 341–373, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P.-C. Lv, H.-Q. Li, J. Sun, Y. Zhou, and H.-L. Zhu, “Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazole derivatives containing thiourea skeleton as anticancer agents,” Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 13, pp. 4606–4614, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. K. N. A. Zawawi, M. Taha, N. Ahmat et al., “Synthesis, in vitro evaluation and molecular docking studies of biscoumarin thiourea as a new inhibitor of α-glucosidases,” Bioorganic Chemistry, vol. 63, pp. 36–44, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Tatar, S. Karakuş, S. G. Küçükgüzel et al., “Design, synthesis, and molecular docking studies of a conjugated thiadiazole–thiourea scaffold as antituberculosis agents,” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 502–515, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Meyer, P. Wilson, and D. Schomburg, “Hydrogen bonding and molecular surface shape complementarity as a basis for protein docking,” Journal of Molecular Biology, vol. 264, no. 1, pp. 199–210, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Purser, P. R. Moore, S. Swallow, and V. Gouverneur, “Fluorine in medicinal chemistry,” Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 320–330, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. He, Y. Wang, L. Tang et al., “Binding of puerarin to human serum albumin: a spectroscopic analysis and molecular docking,” Journal of Fluorescence, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 433–442, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2017 Zainab Ngaini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

5525

Downloads

2103

Citations