Analytical Methods for the Determination of the Distribution of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Water and Sediment of Aquatic Systems: A Review

Table 2

Levels of TPHC in sediment samples around the world (mg/kg).

Sample source	Concentrations reported	Analytical method	References
Africa
Ceuta Harbor, North Africa	496–6,972	Gravimetry	[104]
Soil in communities in Niger; Delta region of Nigeria	1,242–5,200	GC-FID	[111]
Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia	0.05–20	—	[122, 123]
Asia
Arabian Gulf	444 (mean)	UVF	[124]
Bohai Bay, China	6.3–535	UVF	[125]
Arabian Gulf sediment, Kuwait	50–1,122	UVF	[78]
Musa Bay sediments	17–97	UVF & GC/MS	[126]
Khowr-e Musa Bay	18–89	UVF & GC/MS	[127]
Coastal Area of Putatan and Papar, Sabah	0.26–4.59	UV/VIS	[128]
Main Outfall Drain in Al-Nassiriya City, Southern Iraq	0.09–5.70	UVF	[113]
Coastline and mangroves of the Northern Persian Gulf	ND–1.71	UVF	[97]
Southeast Coast of India	2.2–5.6	UVF	[8]
Koh Sichang-Sriracha, Thailand	1.1–153.4	UVF	[99]
Saudi Arabia	62–1,400		[129]
Changjiang Estuary, China	2,200–11,820	—	[56, 101]
Pearl River Estuary, China	300–16,500	—	[98, 102, 103]
America
São Gonçalo Channel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	177–5,893	Gravimetry/GC/MS	[22]
Barnegat-Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary, USA	47–1,003	Iatroscan Mk6s/FID	[130]
Galveston Bay, USA	4.2–1,814	—	[131, 132]
Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil	1.6–11	GC/MS	[133]
Trinidad Coast	3.0–1,824	UVF	[134]
Europe
Clyde Estuary, UK	34–4,386	Iatroscan Mk6s/FID	[105]