Table of Contents Author Guidelines Submit a Manuscript
Table of Contents Alerts

To receive news and publication updates for Journal of Chemistry, enter your email address in the box below.

Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 8359238, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8359238
Research Article

Esterification of Microwave Pyrolytic Oil from Palm Oil Kernel Shell

Sharifah Mona Abdul Aziz,1 Rafeah Wahi,2 Zainab Ngaini,2 Sinin Hamdan,3 and Syamila Aimi Yahaya2

1Centre of Pre-University Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
3Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

Correspondence should be addressed to Rafeah Wahi; ym.saminu@haefarw

Received 2 December 2016; Revised 15 February 2017; Accepted 22 February 2017; Published 13 March 2017

Academic Editor: Hakan Arslan

Copyright © 2017 Sharifah Mona Abdul Aziz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. S. Yaman, “Pyrolysis of biomass to produce fuels and chemical feedstocks,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 651–671, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  2. A. A. Salema and F. N. Ani, “Microwave induced pyrolysis of oil palm biomass,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 3388–3395, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  3. Y. F. Huang, W. H. Kuan, S. L. Lo, and C. F. Lin, “Total recovery of resources and energy from rice straw using microwave-induced pyrolysis,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 99, no. 17, pp. 8252–8258, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  4. P. Monsef-Mirzai, M. Ravindran, W. R. McWhinnie, and P. Burchill, “Rapid microwave pyrolysis of coal. Methodology and examination of the residual and volatile phases,” Fuel, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 20–27, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  5. K. El Harfi, A. Mokhlisse, M. B. Chanâa, and A. Outzourhit, “Pyrolysis of the Moroccan (Tarfaya) oil shales under microwave irradiation,” Fuel, vol. 79, no. 7, pp. 733–742, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  6. C. Ludlow-Palafox and H. A. Chase, “Microwave-induced pyrolysis of plastic wastes,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 40, no. 22, pp. 4749–4756, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  7. A. Domínguez, J. A. Menéndez, M. Inguanzo, and J. J. Pís, “Production of bio-fuels by high temperature pyrolysis of sewage sludge using conventional and microwave heating,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 97, no. 10, pp. 1185–1193, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  8. J. A. Menéndez, A. Domínguez, M. Inguanzo, and J. J. Pis, “Microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge: analysis of the gas fraction,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 657–667, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  9. M. Miura, H. Kaga, A. Sakurai, T. Kakuchi, and K. Takahashi, “Rapid pyrolysis of wood block by microwave heating,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 187–199, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  10. F. Yu, R. Ruan, and P. Steele, “Microwave pyrolysis of corn stover,” Transactions of the ASABE, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1595–1601, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  11. A. Domínguez, J. A. Menéndez, Y. Fernández et al., “Conventional and microwave induced pyrolysis of coffee hulls for the production of a hydrogen rich fuel gas,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 79, no. 1-2, pp. 128–135, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  12. X.-H. Wang, H.-P. Chen, X.-J. Ding, H.-P. Yang, S.-H. Zhang, and Y.-Q. Shen, “Properties of gas and char from microwave pyrolysis of pine sawdust,” BioResources, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 946–959, 2009. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  13. T. J. Appleton, R. I. Colder, S. W. Kingman, I. S. Lowndes, and A. G. Read, “Microwave technology for energy-efficient processing of waste,” Applied Energy, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 85–113, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  14. X. Junming, J. Jianchun, S. Yunjuan, and L. Yanju, “Bio-oil upgrading by means of ethyl ester production in reactive distillation to remove water and to improve storage and fuel characteristics,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1056–1061, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  15. V. A. Doshi, H. B. Vuthaluru, and T. Bastow, “Investigations into the control of odour and viscosity of biomass oil derived from pyrolysis of sewage sludge,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 86, no. 8, pp. 885–897, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  16. Q. Zhang, J. Chang, T. Wang, and Y. Xu, “Upgrading bio-oil over different solid catalysts,” Energy and Fuels, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 2717–2720, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  17. M. Garcia-Perez, A. Chaala, H. Pakdel, D. Kretschmer, and C. Roy, “Characterization of bio-oils in chemical families,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 222–242, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  18. Z.-G. Guo, S.-R. Wang, and Y.-Y. Zhu, “Catalytic esterification of model compounds of biomass pyrolysis oil,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology (ICEET '09), pp. 545–547, Guilin, China, October 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  19. Y. Liu, E. Lotero, and J. G. Goodwin Jr., “Effect of water on sulfuric acid catalyzed esterification,” Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 245, no. 1-2, pp. 132–140, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  20. T. Sundqvist, A. Oasmaa, and A. Koskinen, “Upgrading fast pyrolysis bio-oil quality by esterification and azeotropic water removal,” Energy and Fuels, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 2527–2534, 2015. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  21. S. Xiu and A. Shahbazi, “Bio-oil production and upgrading research: a review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 4406–4414, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus