Research Article

Esterification of Microwave Pyrolytic Oil from Palm Oil Kernel Shell

Table 2

Chemical composition of PKO and EO (not marked: concentrated at 35°C; marked (): concentrated at 78°C).

Compound NamePercentage area (%)
PKOEO1EO2EO3EO4EO5EO6

Monoaromatic compounds
Phenol26.1526.3424.8724.6528.1824.4420.64
20.2020.0722.9625.1821.0018.25
2-Methoxy-phenol2.361.771.481.972.141.36
1.621.751.352.111.661.21
2-Methoxy-4-methyl-phenol2.381.461.321.452.771.560.94
1.961.991.712.742.181.87
1,2-Benzenediol3.78
3-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediol1.1
0.98
4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol0.47
4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol2.212.111.522.462.652.072.20
2.742.972.553.143.153.07
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol2.110.410.27
0.58
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol11.147.396.297.684.985.616.53
7.47.047.645.527.887.31
3,4-Dimethoxyphenol0.8
2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol1.081.51.261.430.941.49
1.270.920.931.181.511.16
2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-phenol0.14
1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene7.215.374.865.654.903.745.48
5.685.546.35.206.105.88
2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol4.232.822.833.812.433.463.81
3.333.734.12.694.404.08
2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol0.230.490.710.410.530.26
0.60.630.620.610.33
1,2,3-Trimethoxy-5-methylbenzene4.254.113.94.373.463.544.73
4.524.24.583.554.864.56
2,6-Dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol1.261.291.291.241.081.671.21
1.331.221.31.271.581.43
2,6-Dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol0.490.460.860.610.730.63
0.840.860.910.830.971.01
2,6-Dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol4.344.596.467.973.896.048.18
3.083.996.284.304.976.39
Total72.5259.6657.2765.2958.9355.9656.1
55.5554.9161.2358.5660.5956.80

Carboxylic acid
Dodecanoic acid1.64
3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetic acid0.410.520.340.68
0.650.910.540.76
Tetradecanoic acid2.3
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid0.35
0.660.62
Total3.940.350.410.520.340.68
0.661.270.910.540.76

Ketones
2-Pentanone0.93
1-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone1.22
1.08
1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone3.160.490.820.791.020.79
1.511.000.360.871.40
(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-ethanone1.380.430.400.35
0.470.450.51
1-(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-butanone0.330.24
0.90.750.760.231.300.98
Total5.470.491.151.221.422.6
2.411.751.230.592.623.97

Aldehydes
Pentanal2.59
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde1.08
2-Diethoxymethyl-3-methyl-butyraldehyde0.33
3,4,5-Trimethoxy-benzaldehyde0.651.010.51
1.140.75
Total3.670.651.010.51
1.141.08

Esters
Acetic acid, diethox, ethylester0.230.19
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, methyl ester1.521.681.881.540.651.231.51
2.232.091.381.061.922.12
Dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester10.479.238.5613.128.169.29
9.889.388.6411.468.068.40
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester3.65
2,4-Hexadienedioic acid, 3,4-diethyl-, dimethyl ester1.661.681.651.761.481.621.79
1.611.741.681.621.991.76
2-Propenoic acid, tridecyl ester1.10.43
Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester6.446.374.988.005.165.51
6.676.115.277.585.455.85
Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester7.247.795.447.087.087.22
8.427.886.768.086.807.06
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, ethyl ester0.270.750.56
0.61
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester0.41
0.560.71
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, ethyl ester8.978.884.75.069.679.72
9.359.596.586.227.358.42
Octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester1.060.970.550.971.071.16
1.141.070.871.220.891.03
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester0.34
Total4.2837.5437.6127.5336.9738.3936.76
39.3037.8631.1838.0833.2135.35

Anhydrosugars
Methyl 4-O-acetyl-2,3,6-tri-O-ethyl-α-d-galactopyranoside0.381.121.531.571.081.43
0.371.241.441.211.051.20
1,3-Di-O-acetyl-.alpha.-.beta.-d-ribopyranose0.83
β-D-Glucopyranose,1,6-anhydro-(Levoglucosan)1.44
β-D-Glucopyranose,1,6-anhydro-(Levoglucosan)3.15
1,3-Di-O-acetyl-.alpha.-.beta.-d-ribopyranose0.95
Total6.370.381.121.531.571.081.43
0.371.241.441.211.051.20

Nitrogenated compound
N-Butyl-tert-butylamine1.2

Other compounds
0.721.611.792.902.542.332.42
1.722.982.881.550.921.91