Alkaline Ionic Liquid Modified Pd/C Catalyst as an Efficient Catalyst for Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

Table 3

The effect of base on the HMF oxidation.

Entry	Base (mmol)	HMF conversion (%)	HFCA yield (%)	FFCA yield (%)	FDCA yield (%)
1	0	36.79	—	10.08	21.75
2	0.10 (solid base)	100	26.61	11.13	61.52
3	0.10 (solid base)	100	9.76	12.81	76.79
4	0.10 (homogeneous base)	99.90	62.09	18.70	18.62
5	0.10 (homogeneous base)	100	49.67	11.42	37.64

conditions: Pd/C (10 mg), HMF (10 mg), H₂O (4 g), 353 K, and 12 h. conditions: Pd/C-OH⁻ (40 mg including 10 mg Pd/C), HMF (10 mg), H₂O (4 g), 353 K, and 12 h. conditions: Pd/C-OH⁻ (40 mg including 10 mg Pd/C), HMF (10 mg), H₂O (4 g), 373 K, and 12 h. conditions: Pd/C (10 mg), 4 mg NaOH, HMF (10 mg), H₂O (4 g), 353 K, and 8 h. conditions: Pd/C (10 mg), 4 mg NaOH, HMF (10 mg), H₂O (4 g), 353 K, and 12 h.