Metal Availability and Transfer along Food Chains in Siena, a Small Medieval Town in Italy

Table 1

Mean Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations (µg·g⁻¹ ± SD) in biotic and abiotic matrices from Siena urban green areas (U) and extraurban control sites (C).

	Cd	Cu	Pb	Zn
Quercus ilex live foliage (U)^a	0.15 ± 0.07	14.0 ± 0.15	1.51 ± 0.16	26.5 ± 2.2
Quercus ilex live foliage (C)^a	0.06 ± 0.03	7.80 ± 2.33	0.59 ± 0.07	13.5 ± 0.9
Flavoparmelia lichen (U)^b	0.22 ± 0.04	11.6 ± 5.0	2.10 ± 0.81	47.3 ± 10.2
Flavoparmelia lichen (C)^b	0.09 ± 0.02	7.21 ± 2.35	1.12 ± 0.45	32.4 ± 6.7
Quercus ilex litter (U)^a	0.19 ± 0.07	9.5 ± 0.9	9.2 ± 2.7	38 ± 21.3
Quercus ilex litter (C)^a	0.16 ± 0.12	4.3 ± 0.3	7.0 ± 0.6	27 ± 10.1
Topsoil (0–3 cm) (U)^a	0.40 ± 0.36	44.1 ± 18.2	34.2 ± 19.8	102 ± 45
Topsoil (0–3 cm) (C)^a	0.25 ± 0.11	15.0 ± 13.3	24.8 ± 18.8	54.3 ± 18.5
Soil (0–20 cm) (U)^c	0.16 ± 0.08	39.0 ± 11.3	54.2 ± 17.5	90.7 ± 31.6
Soil (0–20 cm) (C)^c	0.15 ± 0.03	23.2 ± 1.1	23.0 ± 7.8	77.6 ± 9.0
Dendrobaena cognettii earthworm (U)^d	4.42 ± 0.50	12.7 ± 2.2	3.21 ± 0.8	356 ± 77
Dendrobaena cognettii earthworm (C)^d	2.22 ± 0.86	14.0 ± 5.6	1.15 ± 0.48	324 ± 87
Nicodrilus caliginosus earthworm (U)^c	2.01 ± 1.03	22.8 ± 6.7	1.40 ± 0.38	594 ± 188
Nicodrilus caliginosus earthworm (C)^c	1.90 ± 0.71	13.8 ± 3.9	1.20 ± 0.43	479 ± 170
Pomatias elegans snail (U)^d	3.32 ± 0.92	88.1 ± 24.7	1.98 ± 0.64	880 ± 23
Pomatias elegans snail (C)^d	1.67 ± 0.34	58.1 ± 19.3	1.05 ± 0.42	714 ± 186

Data sources: ^a[26]; ^bunpublished; ^c[27]; ^d[49].