Human Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Vegetables from Kumasi, Ghana
Table 3
Concentrations, EDI, and health risk estimation for OCP residues detected in vegetables from Gyenyase.
Sample
Pesticide
Mean ± SD (µg/kg)
EU/WHO MRL (µg/kg)
ADI
EDI
HI
HR
Cabbage
δ-HCH
12.41 ± 0.14
10
3
2.83 × 10−2
Adult
9.45 × 10−3
No
1.70 × 10−1
Child
5.67 × 10−2
No
p,p′-DDT
0.34 ± 0.02
50
20
7.76 × 10−4
Adult
3.88 × 10−5
No
4.66 × 10−3
Child
2.33 × 10−4
No
Lettuce
β-HCH
2.10 ± 1.84
10
3
4.80 × 10−3
Adult
3.95 × 10−3
No
2.80 × 10−2
Child
2.37 × 10−2
No
γ-HCH
5.19 ± 0.01
10
3
1.19 × 10−2
Adult
1.60 × 10−3
No
7.11 × 10−2
Child
9.59 × 10−3
No
Heptachlor
2.30 ± 0.14
10
0.1
5.25 × 10−3
Adult
5.25 × 10−2
No
3.15 × 10−2
Child
3.15 × 10−1
No
Aldrin
15.58 ± 0.28
10
0.2
3.56 × 10−2
Adult
1.78 × 10−1
No
2.13 × 10−1
Child
1.07 × 100
Yes
α-Endosulfan
1.30 ± 0.42
10
6
2.97 × 10−3
Adult
4.95 × 10−4
No
1.78 × 10−2
Child
2.97 × 10−3
No
Endrin
3.60 ± 0.01
10
0.2
8.22 × 10−3
Adult
4.11 × 10−2
No
4.93 × 10−2
Child
2.47 × 10−1
No
p,p′-DDT
5.09 ± 3.53
50
20
1.16 × 10−2
Adult
5.81 × 10−4
No
6.97 × 10−2
Child
3.49 × 10−3
No
Methoxychlor
25.57 ± 0.34
10
5
5.84 × 10−2
Adult
1.17 × 10−2
No
3.50 × 10−1
Child
7.01 × 10−2
No
Onion
β-HCH
11.15 ± 0.27
10
3
2.55 × 10−2
Adult
8.49 × 10−3
No
1.53 × 10−1
Child
5.09 × 10−2
No
Aldrin
7.88 ± 0.27
10
0.2
1.80 × 10−2
Adult
9.00 × 10−2
No
1.08 × 10−1
Child
5.40 × 10−1
No
α-Endosulfan
1.54 ± 0.01
10
6
3.52 × 10−3
Adult
5.86 × 10−4
No
2.11 × 10−2
Child
3.52 × 10−3
No
Endrin
6.73 ± 0.05
10
0.2
1.54 × 10−2
Adult
7.68 × 10−2
No
9.22 × 10−2
Child
4.61 × 10−1
No
p,p′-DDT
4.42 ± 0.54
50
20
1.10 × 10−2
Adult
5.05 × 10−4
No
6.06 × 10−2
Child
3.03 × 10−3
No
Methoxychlor
160.96 ± 12.24
10
5
3.68 × 10−1
Adult
7.35 × 10−2
No
2.21 × 101
Child
4.41 × 10−1
No
Soil
β-HCH
12.00 ± 1.13
—
—
—
—
—
—
Heptachlor
1.07 ± 0.39
—
—
—
—
—
—
Aldrin
3.78 ± 0.51
—
—
—
—
—
—
p,p′-DDT
27.20 ± 2.90
—
—
—
—
—
—
Methoxychlor
8.68 ± 4.22
—
—
—
—
—
—
Groundwater
β-HCH
1.63 ± 0.00
2.00
—
—
—
—
—
Aldrin
0.35 ± 0.07
0.03
—
—
—
—
p,p′-DDT
3.63 ± 0.02
2.00
—
—
—
—
—
Note: mean ± standard deviation of 3 determinations; above the EU/WHO MRL; for groundwater, WHO MRLs were used; for vegetables, EU MRLs were used; —, not applicable.
