Progress of Metal Oxide (Sulfide)-Based Photocatalytic Materials for Reducing Nitrogen to Ammonia

Table 2

Summary of metal oxide-based materials for photocatalytic reduction of N₂ to NH₃.

Catalytic materials	Catalysts	T (K)	Light source	Organic scavenger	Average NH3 production rate	Year	Ref.
Titanium oxide-based materials	TiO2@C/g-C3N4	ACs	Visible light	CH3OH	250.6 μmol g^−1 h^−1	2018	[20]
	Pb/Fe2O3-TiO2	298	Xenon light	Distilled water	1150 μM·h^−1	2017	[21]
	Fe-doped TiO2	—	UV	Ethanol	400 μM·h^−1	2014	[22]
	RuCl3-TiO2	RT	UV-Vis	Humic acid	4 μM·h^−1·cm^−2	2008	[23]
	P3MeT/TiO2	293	UV	None	8.3 μmol·h^−1·m^−2	2001	[24]
	Fe-doped TiO2	313	UV-Vis	None	10 μmol·g^−1·h^−1	1997	[13]
	Ru-doped TiO2	—	UV-Vis	None	22.7 μmol·g^−1·h^−1	1996	[19]
	Fe^3+-doped TiO2	353	UV	None	6 μmol·g^−1·h^−1	1991	[25]
	TiO2	RT	UV	Wet nitrogen flux	0.83 μmol g^−1 h^−1	1988	[26]
	BaTiO3	313	UV	None	0.87 μmol·g^−1·h^−1	1983	[27]
Other metal oxide-based materials	g-C3N4/Mg1.1Al0.3Fe0.2O1.7	303	Visible light	Ethanol	166.8 μM·h^−1	2017	[28]
	BiO	ACs	Solar light	Deionized water	50.5 μM·h^−1	2017	[29]
	Fe2O3	298	UV-Vis	Ethanol	1362.5 μM·h^−1	2017	[21]
	H-Bi2MoO6	RT	Solar light	None	1300 μmol g^−1 h^−1	2016	[30]
	BiOBr	RT	Visible light	None	1042 μM·h^−1	2015	[31]
	ß-Ga2O3	298	UV	Tert-butanol	36.1%	2015	[32]
	Pt-loaded ZnO	—	UV	Na-EDTA	860 μmol·g^−1·h^−1	2010	[33]
	Cu2O.xH2O.CuCl	ACs	UV	None	70 μM·h^−1	1989	[34]
	Fe2O3 + Fe3O4	303	Xenon light	None	10 μmol·g^−1·h^−1	1987	[35]

RT denotes room temperature. ACs denote ambient conditions.