Review Article
Progress of Metal Oxide (Sulfide)-Based Photocatalytic Materials for Reducing Nitrogen to Ammonia
Table 2
Summary of metal oxide-based materials for photocatalytic reduction of N2 to NH3.
| Catalytic materials | Catalysts | T (K) | Light source | Organic scavenger | Average NH3 production rate | Year | Ref. |
| Titanium oxide-based materials | TiO2@C/g-C3N4 | ACs | Visible light | CH3OH | 250.6 μmol g−1 h−1 | 2018 | [20] | Pb/Fe2O3-TiO2 | 298 | Xenon light | Distilled water | 1150 μM·h−1 | 2017 | [21] | Fe-doped TiO2 | — | UV | Ethanol | 400 μM·h−1 | 2014 | [22] | RuCl3-TiO2 | RT | UV-Vis | Humic acid | 4 μM·h−1·cm−2 | 2008 | [23] | P3MeT/TiO2 | 293 | UV | None | 8.3 μmol·h−1·m−2 | 2001 | [24] | Fe-doped TiO2 | 313 | UV-Vis | None | 10 μmol·g−1·h−1 | 1997 | [13] | Ru-doped TiO2 | — | UV-Vis | None | 22.7 μmol·g−1·h−1 | 1996 | [19] | Fe3+-doped TiO2 | 353 | UV | None | 6 μmol·g−1·h−1 | 1991 | [25] | TiO2 | RT | UV | Wet nitrogen flux | 0.83 μmol g−1 h−1 | 1988 | [26] | BaTiO3 | 313 | UV | None | 0.87 μmol·g−1·h−1 | 1983 | [27] |
| Other metal oxide-based materials | g-C3N4/Mg1.1Al0.3Fe0.2O1.7 | 303 | Visible light | Ethanol | 166.8 μM·h−1 | 2017 | [28] | BiO | ACs | Solar light | Deionized water | 50.5 μM·h−1 | 2017 | [29] | Fe2O3 | 298 | UV-Vis | Ethanol | 1362.5 μM·h−1 | 2017 | [21] | H-Bi2MoO6 | RT | Solar light | None | 1300 μmol g−1 h−1 | 2016 | [30] | BiOBr | RT | Visible light | None | 1042 μM·h−1 | 2015 | [31] | ß-Ga2O3 | 298 | UV | Tert-butanol | 36.1% | 2015 | [32] | Pt-loaded ZnO | — | UV | Na-EDTA | 860 μmol·g−1·h−1 | 2010 | [33] | Cu2O.xH2O.CuCl | ACs | UV | None | 70 μM·h−1 | 1989 | [34] | Fe2O3 + Fe3O4 | 303 | Xenon light | None | 10 μmol·g−1·h−1 | 1987 | [35] |
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RT denotes room temperature. ACs denote ambient conditions.
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