Improvement of Urinary Stones Analysis Combining Morphological Analysis and Infrared Spectroscopy

Table 1

Morphocostitutional classification of renal stones developed by Daudon et al.

Morphological type	Subtype	Main components	Common causes
I	Ia	Whewellite	Dietary hyperoxaluria
	Ib	Whewellite	Stasis, low diuresis
	Ic	Whewellite	Primary hyperoxaluria type I
	Id	Whewellite	Malformative uropathy, stasis and confined multiple stones
	Ie	Whewellite	Enteric hyperoxaluria
II	IIa	Weddellite	Hypercalciuria
	IIb	Weddellite ± whewellite	Hypercalciuria ± hyperoxaluria ± hypocitraturia
	IIc	Weddellite	Hypercalciuria, stasis and confined multiple stones
III	IIIa	Uric acids	Low urine pH and stasis
	IIIb	Uric acids	Metabolic syndrome, diabetes
	IIIc	Various urates	Hyperuricosuria and alkaline urine, UTI
	IIId	Ammonium urate	Hyperuricosuria and diarrhea
IV	IVa1	Carbapatite	Hypercalciuria, UTI
	IVa2	Carbapatite	Distal renal tubular acidosis
	IVb	Carbapatite	UTI, hypercalciuria
	IVc	Struvite	UTI by urease-splitting bacteria
	IVd	Brushite	Hypercalciuria, PHPT, phosphate leak
V	Va	Cystine	Cystinuria
	Vb	Cystine	Cystinuria + inadequate therapy
VI	VIa	Proteins	Chronic pyelonephritis
	VIb	Proteins	Proteinuria, drugs, clots
	VIc	Proteins	ESRF and excessive calcium + vitamin D supplementation