A Review of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in terms of Sources, Applications, Human Exposure, Dietary Intake, Toxicity, Legal Regulation, and Methods of Determination
Table 3
Main transition paths in fluorochemical-based industry [15].
End products
Starting substances
Fluorosurfactants
From ≥C6- to C4-based sulfonate chemistry
From ≥C8- to C6-based fluorotelomer chemistry
From C8, C9 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFOA/PFNA) to mono- and polyperfluoroethers or other substances
Fluorosurface property modification agents
From ≥C6- to C4-based sulfonate chemistry
From ≥C8- to C6-based fluorotelomer chemistry
Nonfluorinated surfactants
Hydrocarbon-based chemicals such as propylated naphthalenes or biphenlys, sulfosuccinates, hydrocarbon surfactants, naphthalene derivatives, polypropylene glycol ether, amines, sulphates
