Recent Development of Optimization of Lyophilization Process

Table 3

Process analytical technology (PAT) methods in the lyophilization.

Target	PAT method	Measurement parameter	Ref.
Single vial	Thermocouple (TC)	Tb	M
	Resistance thermal detectors (RTD)	Tb	[60]
	Temperature remote interrogation system (TEMPRIS)	Tb	[60]
Batch	Pirani vs capacitance manometer	Pc	[61]
	Mass spectrometer	Partial pressure of gas	[63]
	Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)	Water vapor concentration	[63, 64]
	Manometric temperature measurement (MTM)	Tb, Tice	[51, 55, 65]
	Valveless monitoring system (VMS)	Tb	[66]
	Temperature measurement by sublimation rate (TMbySR)	Tb	[67]

Many researchers have used this method to measure the product temperature. Therefore, specific literature cannot be exemplified.