Active Compound Identification in Extracts of N. lappaceum Peel and Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity

Table 1

Biological properties in the extract from the seed, pulp, and peel of N. lappaceum.

Material	Extract or solvent	Property	Reference
Peel	Methanolic	Antioxidant including DPPH, lipid peroxidation, ABTS, FRAP, reducing power, b-carotene bleaching, linoleic peroxidation, and free radical scavenging	[1–3]
Peel	Ethanolic	Antidiabetic: significant decrease of 62% in blood glucose levels; Antioxidant including ABTS and DPPH assays	[4–6]
Peel	Aqueous	Antioxidant including ABTS and FRAP; Antimicrobial activity against Vibrio cholerae, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis	[1, 7]
Peel	Ethyl acetate	Antioxidant including ABTS and FRAP	[8]
Peel	Hydroethanolic	Antioxidant including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, lipid peroxidation, and nitrite and hydroxyl radical scavenging; Antiglycation activities	[9, 10]
Peel	Ether	Antimicrobial activity against V. cholerae, E. faecalis, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis	[1]
Pericarp	Ethanolic and aqueous	Inhibitory effects on the infection of herpes simplex virus type 1	[11]
Pulp	Ethanolic	Anti-inflammatory: decreasing secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); Antioxidant: suppressive effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation	[12]
Seed	Aqueous	Antibacterial: moderate inhibition against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Antiviral: inhibitory effect on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT); Antitumoral: trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitory activity	[13, 14]
Seed	Methanolic	Antibacterial: inhibition against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa; Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, CNS, and antifungal; Antioxidant including DPPH, reducing power, b-carotene bleaching, linoleic peroxidation, and free radical scavenging	[1, 15, 16]
Seed	Ethyl acetate and ethanolic	Antioxidant using DPPH and ABTS assays	[17]
Seed	Hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water	Antidiabetic: α-glucosidase inhibitor activity	[18]