Active Compound Identification in Extracts of N. lappaceum Peel and Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity

Table 4

Total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents based on the extraction method and solvent.

Extraction method	Nature of the solvent	Properties
		TPC (mg GAE g^−1)	TFC (mg QE g^−1)	TAC (mg Cy-3GE g^−1)	ABTS (mmol TE g^−1)	DPPH (mmol TE g^−1)
Ultrasound	Acidic 1%	231 ± 2^d	43.7 ± 0.3^e	0.70 ± 0.01^a	1.91 ± 0.06^c	1.65 ± 0.04^d
	Alkaline 1%	262 ± 6^c	72 ± 2^b	ND	2.12 ± 0.03^b	1.34 ± 0.02^e
	Aqueous	280 ± 2^b	54 ± 1^c	0.533 ± 0.004^b	1.76 ± 0.02^d	2.4 ± 0.1^b
	Ethanolic	208 ± 1^e	48.1 ± 0.3^d	0.69 ± 0.01^a	1.76 ± 0.02^d	1.78 ± 0.02^c
	Hydroethanolic 60%	340 ± 4^a	76 ± 2^a	0.57 ± 0.03^b	2.9 ± 0.1^a	3.26 ± 0.02^a
Boiling	Acidic 1%	189 ± 2^d	40.7 ± 0.3^e	0.68 ± 0.02^a	1.79 ± 0.01^c	0.86 ± 0.03^c
	Alkaline 1%	258 ± 3^b	62.2 ± 0.4^b	ND	1.96 ± 0.02^b	0.78 ± 0.04^c
	Aqueous	235 ± 2^c	44 ± 1^d	0.18 ± 0.05^c	1.54 ± 0.02^d	1.38 ± 0.04^b
	Ethanolic	233 ± 5^c	51 ± 1^c	0.15 ± 0.03^c	1.73 ± 0.03^c	2.3 ± 0.1^a
	Hydroethanolic 60%	315 ± 7^a	72 ± 1^a	0.35 ± 0.04^b	2.6 ± 0.1^a	1.53 ± 0.02^b
p value	Extraction method	0.0026	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
	Nature of the solvent	0.0001	0.0001	0.0003	0.0001	0.0001

ND: not determined; TPC: total phenolic content; TFC: total flavonoid content; TAC: total anthocyanin content; ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid); DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine. All values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). values <0.05 indicate significant differences by two-way ANOVA. Different letters in the same column within each extraction method indicate significantly different values at the 95% confidence level, using the Tukey test.