Waste Foundry Sand as Permeable and Low Permeable Barrier for Restriction of the Propagation of Lead and Nickel Ions in Groundwater

Figure 7

Measured and predicted breakthrough curves for Pb⁺² and Ni⁺² at selected locations in the sandy soil with presence of WFS-FS as PRB for flow rate of 100 mL/min. (a) PRB (10 cm, WFS + FS, lead (pH = 4)). (b) PRB (20 cm, WFS + FS, lead (pH = 4)). (c) PRB (30 cm, WFS + FS, lead (pH = 4)). (d) PRB (10 cm, WFS + FS, nickel (pH = 4)). (e) PRB (20 cm, WFS + FS, nickel (pH = 4)). (f) PRB (30 cm, WFS + FS, nickel (pH = 4)).

(a)

(b)

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(f)