The Research and Mechanism of Extracting Vitamin B6 Using Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

Lu, Changyu; Gao, Luning; Chen, Aibing; Li, Duo; Zhou, Yahong

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4983518

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 4983518 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4983518

The Research and Mechanism of Extracting Vitamin B6 Using Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

Changyu Lu,^1,2Luning Gao,¹Aibing Chen,³Duo Li,¹and Yahong Zhou¹

Academic Editor: Silvia Persichilli

Received23 Dec 2019

Accepted22 May 2020

Published25 Jun 2020

Abstract

The aim of this work is to investigate the quaternary systems which contain (polyethylene glycol/isopropyl alcohol) + ethanol + salt (Na₂SO₄/Na₂CO₃) + water to understand their liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) and salting-out ability and apply them to definite uses. For this purpose, phase diagrams and liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of the investigated quaternary systems were experimentally determined at 308.15, 318.15, and 328.15 K. Binodal curves were fitted to three empirical nonlinear equations, whereas tie-lines were fitted to the Setschenow-type equation and another two-parameter equation. All the models were successfully correlated with the experimental data. What is more, factors such as temperature, different organic solvent, and type of salt are studied. It was demonstrated that temperature has no influence in binodal curves and the salting-out ability follows the order Na₂CO₃ > Na₂SO₄. Finally, we chose the best system (isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂CO₃ + H₂O) to find out the extraction efficiency when dealing with vitamin B₆. The results show that when the temperature is 308.15 K and pH is 5.02, the extraction efficient can reach a top level. It serves as a theoretical basis for the extraction, separation, and purification.

1. Introduction

Vitamin B₆, as an indispensable part of human body, can regulate body fluids, prevents hair loss, and has a central role in amino acid metabolism and modulating the activity of steroid and other hormones [1]. In recent years, events concerning food safety have increased public attention. Vitamin B₆ exists in all kinds of food, and it is important to know how much it is contained in food. Therefore, a rapid, accurate, and safe measurement analysis must be established [2].

Since aqueous biphasic systems were proposed by Beijernick in 1896 [3], the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) as a new technology that is safe and easy to control and has a simple process is now gradually taking the place of traditional organic-water solvent extraction systems. The ATPS is usually composed of two or more polymers, a polymer, and a salt [4, 5]. They have mild separation conditions, rapid balance processes, and high rate of product recovery. As a “green chemistry,” ATPS now is widely used in the separation of protein [6, 7], DNA [8], drugs [9], antibiotic [10, 11], and metal ion [12]. So, we pay more attention to find a new ATPS to extract vitamin B₆.

With the development of science and technology, a new system is born. Small-molecule organic solvent ATPSs are led to our increased use in searching ATPSs. For example, binodal data for ethanol, 2-propanol, and 1-propanol + MgSO₄/ZnSO₄ + water systems experimentally determined at 303.15 K and 313.15 K [13, 14] and ethanol + salt [(NH₄)₂SO₄ [15], NaOH [16], NaF [17], and K₂HPO₄ [18] ATPSs have been reported. Comparing traditional ATPSs with the small-molecule organic solvent ATPS, the small-molecule organic solvent ATPS has some advantages. For example, it is easy to control, has a low cost, and is environmentally friendly. So, it has been successfully used in the separation and purification of hesperidin [19] and pigments [20]. However, it also has shortcomings, such as large amount of phase-forming materials used and having a higher volatility of alcohol. In order to reduce these situations, we use quaternary systems to replace ternary systems. So, the ATPS containing polymer and small-molecule, such as polymer/alcohol and binary alcohol to form an ATPS, is studied in the following passage.

In this work, phase diagrams and liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the quaternary system polyethylene glycol + ethanol + salt (Na₂SO₄) + water were investigated at T = 308.15 K, 318.15 K, and 328.15 K, and those for the system isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + salt (Na₂SO₄/Na₂CO₃) + water were examined at T = 308.15 K and those at atmospheric pressure have been studied. In the above, system polyethylene glycol/isopropyl alcohol and ethanol were mixed in different proportions and formed homogeneous and stabilized solutions. From what we discussed, the bimodal curves were fitted to three nonlinear equations. What is more, we have discussed what the temperature, salts, and different composition of organic solution can do on the phase separation abilities of these systems. In addition, some factors such as salt, pH, and temperature were discussed in the system of vitamin B₆ extraction.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Analytical-grade Na₂CO₃, Na₂SO₄, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, and isopropyl alcohol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), Tianjin Baishi Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China), and Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China), respectively. All the above materials have a minimum mass fraction of 99.5%. Vitamin B₆ was purchased from a local supermarket and was ultrasonically degassed in advance. Double-distilled deionized water was also used in the experiments. The sources and purities of chemicals used in the study are shown in Table 1.

2.2. Apparatus and Procedure

2.2.1. Determination Method of Binodal Curves Data

Before the experiment, we added polyethylene glycol and isopropyl alcohol into ethanol until the mass fraction of ethanol reached 0.200 and 0.333, respectively. In the following text, “MA” denotes the mass fraction of ethanol in the mixture of polyethylene glycol and ethanol or isopropyl alcohol and ethanol. So, the values of MA₁ and MA₂ were 0.200 and 0.333, respectively.

The binodal curves were determined by the cloud point method at 308.15, 318.15, and 328.15 K. First, known mass fractions of polyethylene glycol alcohol and ethanol were added drop-wise using a small-sized pipette to create heterogeneous systems until the mixture became cloudy. Then, known amounts of double-distilled deionized water were subsequently added to the tube to create a transparent one-phase system. After recording the data, the mass of the tube was measured again until there was some precipitation at the bottom of the vessel for obtaining sufficient data for the construction of a phase diagram. The data of isopropyl alcohol and ethanol at T = 308.15 K was obtained by the same method. Throughout this preparation procedure, the tubes were incubated in an external jacket through which water at a constant temperature was circulated using a DC-2008 water thermostat (Tianjin Taisite Instrument Factory, China). The temperature was controlled to within ±0.05 K. The masses of the starting and added solutions were measured using an analytical balance (BC 124S, Beijing Sartorius Instrument Co., Ltd., China) with a precision of ±0.0001 g.

2.2.2. Determination Method of Tie-Line Data

After the collecting of the binodal data, five tie-lines were determined for each of the studied systems. Systems with a known polyethylene glycol/isopropyl alcohol and ethanol composition (total weight of approximately 10 g) were vigorously shaken in separate tubes and then placed in a thermostat bath for at least 48 h until the solution separated into two clear phases to reach a phase equilibration. Then the upper phase was carefully removed by pipette. The mass of the upper phase was determined by an analytical balance, and the mass of the lower phase was obtained by subtraction. Both the top phase and bottom mixture solutions with concentrations in the range of 1%–50% w/w were prepared, and their refractive indexes were determined at the experimental temperatures using an Abbe refract meter (modal WAY [2WAJ], Shanghai Physical Optics Instrument Co., Ltd.). After that, the salt solutions with concentration in the range of 0.1%–25% w/w were added to the above alcohol mixture solutions, and the corresponding reactive indexes were determined at the experimental temperatures. A comparison of the refractive indexes for the two groups of solutions revealed that there was some influence of salt on the refractive index when solved in the alcohol solutions. A comparison of the refractive indexes revealed that the salt content influence on the refractive index is not obvious. Hence, the salt concentrations in the two phases were determined directly by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Since the refractive index of mixture depends on the mass fractions of alcohol and salt, the alcohol concentrations were determined by Abbe refractometer and in accordance with the following equation:where n₀ is the refractive index of deionized water; a₁ and a₂ are experimental fitting parameters; and are mass fractions of alcohol and salt, respectively. The values of parameters were given in Table S1 (Supplementary Materials). For the measurement of alcohol, we used an Abbe refractometer with an uncertainty of 0.0002 to determine the refractive indexes. The refraction indexes were put into the corresponding equation to obtain the concentration of the alcohol mixture in the phases. The mass fraction of water in both the top phase and bottom phase was obtained from the law of mass conservation.

When ion exchanging exists in both the top phase and bottom phase, it may affect the validity of the concentration of both the top phase and bottom phase. Aiming to check it, we used the method above and corrected it with mathematic model. Firstly, the concentration of both the top phase and bottom phase was accurately determined; then MATLAB software was used to deal with these dates and the dates met with the “lever principle” [21]. The method was used in the literature in recent years [22, 23].

The tie-line length (TLL) and the slope of the tie-line (S) at different compositions were calculated using equations (2) and (3), respectively [24]:where , , , and represent the equilibrium mass fractions of the polyethylene glycol/isopropyl alcohol and salt (Na₂SO₄/Na₂CO₃) in the top and bottom phases, respectively.

2.2.3. Vitamin B₆ Analysis

A certain portion of sample solution containing isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, Na₂CO₃, and H₂O was transferred into a 10 mL centrifuge tube. Then the centrifuge tube with ATPS was put on the analytical balance, and the 2 g of the standard working condition B₆ prepared in advance was added drop-wise to the tube using a syringe. The mixture was stirred thoroughly at room temperature (25°C). Still, an 802 centrifuge was used at 2000 rpm for 25 min to ensure that phase separation operated completely. To finish these, the centrifuge tubes were then placed in water thermostat DC-2008 (Tianjin Taisite Instrument Co., China) with an uncertainty of 0.05°C at the setpoint temperature of 35°C for 12 h to reach phase equilibrium. After that, B₆ and alcohols were enriched in top phase and salt was enriched in bottom phase. The volume of top phase was read accurately and part of them was aspirated into a 50 μL microsyringe and directly injected into the HPLC system for analysis. The pH value was adjusted by hydrochloric acid and ammonia water.

The extraction efficiency of B₆ was defined as the ratio between the amount of the B₆ in the top phase and the initial amount of the B₆.where C_t is the concentration of B₆ in the top phase after the phase equilibrium, V_t is the volume of the top phase after the phase equilibrium, and m_s is the amount of B₆ added initially.

2.2.4. HPLC-UV Analysis

A 1200 HPLC system (Agilent, USA) essentially comprised of a quaternary pump and a variable wavelength UV-VIS detector (Agilent, USA) was employed for the determination of DBP. All data processing and facility control were conducted via Agilent Chem Station software. Acetonitrile and water (88 : 12 by volume) were used as the mobile phase with gradient elution on the reversed phase chromatography column (Shim-pack VP-ODS column, 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), and the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The injected volume was 5 μL. The detection wavelength was 228 nm using the UV-VIS detector.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Phase Behaviors of the IL-Salt ILATPS

The binodal data of the quaternary system polyethylene glycol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water determined at T = 308.15, 318.15, and 328.15 K, system isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water at T = 308.15 K, and system isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂CO₃ + water at T = 308.15 K are presented in Table 2.

The binodal data were fit to the following system of equations using the empirical nonlinear expression developed by Merchuk et al. [25]:where is the mass fraction of the mixture of the alcohol, is the mass fraction of the salt, and a, b, and c are fitting parameters. The fitting parameters obtained from fitting the experimental binodal data to equation (5) are presented in Table 3, along with the correlation coefficients (R²) and the corresponding standard deviations (sd^a).

In order to obtain a more accurate fitting result, we use another two nonlinear empirical equations to correlate the experimental binodal data [26, 27]:where and are the mass fractions of the alcohol and the salt, respectively. The fitting parameters a, b, c, and d along with the corresponding standard deviations (sd^a) and correlation coefficient (R²) are listed in Tables 4 and 5.

Equations (4)–(6) have been successfully used for the correlation of binodal data of IL-based ATPSs [28–30], polymer-based ATPSs [31, 32], and hydrophilic alcohol-based ATPSs [33, 34]. Based on the obtained R² and sd^a values in Tables 3–5, it can be concluded that equations (5)–(7) are perfectly suitable for correlating the binodal data of the investigated systems. Furthermore, equation (6) shows the most satisfactory accuracy among the three expressions due to its R².

3.1.1. Tie-Line Data and Correlation

The tie-line data of the ATPSs composed of polyethylene glycol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ and water determined at three different temperatures and isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄/Na₂CO₃ + H₂O system at T = 308.15 K are listed in Table 6.

The Setschenow-type equation [35] has been successfully used to correlate the tie-line data for polymer + salt ATPSs [36]. This equation has the following form:

In this equation, k_S represents the salting-out coefficient, c₁ and c₂ are the molarities of the alcohol mixture and salts, respectively, and k_MA is a parameter relating the activity coefficient of the alcohol mixture to its concentration. The superscripts “t” and “b” represent the top phase and the bottom phase, standing for the salt-rich phase and alcohol-rich phase. The fitting parameters, the corresponding intercepts, the correlation coefficients (R²), and the standard deviations (sd^a) are shown in Table 7.

As we can see from Table 7, the Setschenow-type equation can be satisfactorily applied to the correlation of tie-line data for these systems. 

A relatively simple equation was also used to correlate the tie-line data:where k signifies the salting-out coefficient and β represents a constant related to the activity coefficient. The superscripts “t” and “b” represent the top phase and the bottom phase, respectively. The fitting parameters of the equation, the corresponding correlation coefficient values (R²), and the standard deviations (sd^a) are provided in Table 8.

This equation was successfully used to correlate the tie-line data for polymer-salt ATPSs [37]. This expression shows strong agreement when correlated with the experiment tie-line data. It can be seen from Tables 7 and 8 that equation (9) has a better accuracy for the investigated system. Moreover, the results show good reliability of the experimental tie-line data and calculation methods used.

3.1.2. Effect of Temperature on Binodal Curves

It has been reported that temperature plays a positive role in forming the ATPS consisting of 2-propanol, NaOH, and water [16]. Figure 1 shows the binodal curves for the systems consisting of polyethylene glycol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water at T = 308.15, 318.15, and 328.15 K to discuss the influence of temperature on the binodal curves. It shows that temperature has little influence on the phase equilibrium compositions, so there is no significant change in the slope of the binodal curves with increased temperature. This situation mainly occurs because when the salt concentration in the system with the alcohol mixture of (MA₁ = 0.200), Na₂SO₄, and the water is low than 25% by mass fraction, the system will be less sensitive to changes in temperature, and the liquid-liquid equilibrium condition will be maintained.

3.1.3. Effect of the Mass Composition of the Alcohol on Binodal Curves

Figure 2 shows the binodal curves for the systems consisting of polyethylene glycol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water at T = 308.15 K and the systems consisting of isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water at T = 308.15 K to discuss the influence of the mass composition of the alcohol on binodal curves. It shows that mass composition of the alcohol can affect the phase equilibrium composition, so there are some changes in the slope of the binodal curves with the change of the mass composition of the alcohol. The change can be described as follows: when the salt concentration is greater than 7.3% by mass fraction, the biphasic region of the polyethylene glycol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water system is larger than that of isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water system. Hence, the salting-out ability of the former system is greater than the latter. When the salt composition is lower than 7.3% by mass fraction, the biphasic region of the isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water system is larger than that of polyethylene glycol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water system. Hence, the salting-out ability of the latter is greater than the former.

Furthermore, the binodal curves of (polyethylene glycol x + ethanol)/polyethylene glycol 1500 [38]/polyethylene glycol 4000/polyethylene glycol 8000 [39] + Na₂SO₄ + water systems were shown in Figure S1 (in Supplementary Materials). It can be seen from the figure that the ATPSs containing polyethylene glycol 1500, polyethylene glycol 4000, and polyethylene glycol 8000 have larger two-phase ranges, which show that the ATPS containing polyethylene glycol can more easily form two-phase system than the combination of polyethylene glycol and ethanol.

3.1.4. Effect of Salt on Binodal Curves

System concerning isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄/Na₂CO₃ + water ATPSs at T = 308.15 K is also discussed in this paper. As we can see from Figure 3 the salting-out ability of system containing Na₂CO₃ is better than that containing Na₂SO₄. And the salting-out ability increased when salt composition increased. This may be because Na₂CO₃ has a smaller molecular weight than that of Na₂SO₄ in the same salt composition. Also, we can see from Table 6 that the absolute value of entropy (S) of Na₂SO₄ is larger than that of Na₂SO₄. The larger the absolute value of entropy (S), the easier to form a salting-out ability.

3.1.5. Effect of Temperature on Tie-Line

Figure 4 shows the tie-line for the systems consisting of polyethylene glycol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water at T = 308.15, 318.15, and 328.15 K to discuss the influence of temperature on the tie-line. It can be seen from the figure that the tie-lines at the three temperatures are almost parallel and it demonstrates that temperature has no effect on tie-line. And this result is similar to the effect of temperature on binodal curves.

3.1.6. Effect of Salt on Tie-Line

System concerning isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄/Na₂CO₃ + water ATPSs at T = 318.15 K is also discussed in this paper. As we can see from Figure 5, the salting-out ability of system containing Na₂CO₃ is better than that containing Na₂SO₄. The salting-out ability increased when salt composition increased. Also, the trend is similar to the effect of salt on binodal curves.

3.2. Separation Behaviors of B₆ in ILATPS

According to what has been discussed above, ATPS (isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂CO₃ + H₂O), with a better ability of salting-out than other systems above, has been chosen to find out whether ATPSs have high-performance extraction when dealing with vitamin B₆. Vitamin B₆ in real samples was conceivably concentrated in the salt-rich top phases and determined by the proposed HPLC method. The results are shown in Figure 6. From the figure, it is critical that ATPS (isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂CO₃ + H₂O) coupled with HPLC-UV can satisfactorily concentrate and quantitatively determine vitamin B₆ in real samples. Meanwhile, some factors such as salts, pH, and temperature are also discussed in the following passage.

(a)

(b)

3.2.1. Effect of the Salts on Extraction Efficiency

The discussions above show that Na₂CO₃ has a better salting-out ability than Na₂SO₄. Experiments have been done to find out what salt can do to affect the extraction efficiency. Different salts (Na₂CO₃, Na₂SO₄, and NaH₂PO₃) with the same weight were added into three centrifuge tubes containing the same systems (isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + H₂O) individually. Then 2 g of the standard working B₆ was added into the centrifuge tubes. The mixtures were then stirred thoroughly at T = 308.15 K. An 802 centrifuge was used at 2000 rpm for 25 min to ensure phase separation. To finish these, the centrifuge tubes were then placed in a thermostatic water bath at the setpoint temperature of T = 308.15 K for 12 h to reach phase equilibrium. And the HPLC system was used for analysis of these systems. The result is shown in Table 9; we can read from the table that the extraction efficiency of Na₂CO₃ is 84.24% and it is the largest among the three ATPSs. It is perfectly similar to the study we have discussed earlier.

3.2.2. Effect of Temperature on the Extraction Efficiency

Temperature is always a factor that affects chemical reactions, so it can affect the extraction efficiency. Effect of temperature on the ATPS (isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂CO₃ + H₂O) was also investigated in our study. In the beginning, several ATPSs (isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂CO₃ + H₂O) of identical component contents were formed by mixing four components in centrifuge tubes; then 2 g of the standard working B₆ was added into the centrifuge tubes. The mixtures were then stirred thoroughly at T = 308.15 K. An 802 centrifuge was used at 2000 rpm for 25 min to ensure phase separation. To finish these, the centrifuge tubes were then placed in a thermostatic water bath at six different setpoint temperatures (303.15, 308.15, 313.15, 318.15, 323.15, and 328.15) for 12 h to reach phase equilibrium. The top phase was analyzed using the HPLC method finally. The results are shown in Figure 7; we can see that temperature did affect the extraction efficiency: the extraction efficiency initially increased and then decreased during the increase in temperature. The maximum value of extraction efficiency reached 83.01% when temperature is 308.15 K.

3.2.3. Effect of pH on the Extraction Efficiency

pH can not only affect the phase separation but also be a factor that acts on extraction efficiency. So, the extraction of B₆ was studied in different pH range from 3.25 to 7.47. As shown in Figure 8, the extraction efficiency initially increased and then decreased during the increase of pH. The maximum value of extraction efficiency reached 89.32% when pH was 5.02.

4. Conclusions

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data have been determined for polyethylene glycol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water ATPSs at T = 308.15, 318.15, and 328.15 K and isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄/Na₂CO₃ + water ATPSs at T = 308.15 K. The Merchuk equation and other equations were successfully used to correlate binodal data, and the tie-lines were described by the Setschenow-type equation and a two-parameter equation. The effect of temperature on the binodal curves of the investigated systems is that the temperature did not affect the separated two-phase area. Salting-out ability can be ranked as Na₂SO₄ < Na₂CO₃ at the same temperature, and the phase separation ability of the alcohol mixture was that when the salt concentration is higher than 7.3% by mass fraction, the salting-out ability of the polyethylene glycol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water ATPSs system at T = 308.15 K is greater than isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water ATPSs at T = 308.15 K, and when the salt composition is lower than 7.3% by mass fraction, the salting-out ability of isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂SO₄ + water ATPSs system at T = 318.15 K is greater than the other. As a viable pretreatment technique for complicated samples, ATPS, combined with a HPLC method, has been successfully used to quantitatively determine vitamin B₆. The optimum working conditions were considered for an aqueous two-phase system composed of isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + Na₂CO₃ operating at T = 308.15 K and at a pH of 5.02.

Data Availability

The data supporting the conclusions of this work are included in this manuscript. Other datasets generated and analyzed during the current work are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21906039), Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2019JQ-382), Funding Project for Introduced Overseas Scholars of Hebei Province (C20190321), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Chang’an University (300102299505 and 300102290501), Program for Water Resources Research and Promotion of Hebei Province (2019-55), and Doctoral Research Fund of Hebei GEO University (BQ2019041).

Supplementary Materials

Table S1: values of parameters of equation (1): the mixture of polyethylene glycol/isopropyl alcohol + ethanol + salt (Na2CO3/Na2SO4) + water ATPSs at different temperatures. Figure S1: the binodal curves of alcohol + Na2SO4 + water systems: polyethylene glycol 1000 + ethanol + Na2SO4 + water at T = 308.15 K; polyethylene glycol 1500 + Na₂SO₄ + water at T = 313.15 K (ref. 39); polyethylene glycol 4000 + Na₂SO₄ + water at T = 308.15 K (ref. 40); polyethylene glycol 8000 + Na₂SO₄ + water at T = 308.15 K (ref. [39]). (Supplementary Materials)

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Journal of Chemistry

The Research and Mechanism of Extracting Vitamin B6 Using Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

2.2. Apparatus and Procedure

2.2.1. Determination Method of Binodal Curves Data

2.2.2. Determination Method of Tie-Line Data

2.2.3. Vitamin B6 Analysis

2.2.4. HPLC-UV Analysis

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Phase Behaviors of the IL-Salt ILATPS

3.1.1. Tie-Line Data and Correlation

3.1.2. Effect of Temperature on Binodal Curves

3.1.3. Effect of the Mass Composition of the Alcohol on Binodal Curves

3.1.4. Effect of Salt on Binodal Curves

3.1.5. Effect of Temperature on Tie-Line

3.1.6. Effect of Salt on Tie-Line

3.2. Separation Behaviors of B6 in ILATPS

3.2.1. Effect of the Salts on Extraction Efficiency

3.2.2. Effect of Temperature on the Extraction Efficiency

3.2.3. Effect of pH on the Extraction Efficiency

4. Conclusions

Data Availability

Conflicts of Interest

Acknowledgments

Supplementary Materials

References

Copyright

2.2.3. Vitamin B₆ Analysis

3.2. Separation Behaviors of B₆ in ILATPS